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Monomer conversion, flexural strength, fluoride release, and color stability of experimental resin composites containing bioactive glass nanoparticles: an in vitro study
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Tongjai Chotitanmapong, Sawaskorn Temkitthaworn, Linlinee Arnanthigo, Papawarin Amornchaiyakij, Pakkapol Assawaarsu, Phantira Vatthanachairoj, Wuttipong Chontanasawat, Nitchakarn Leenutaphong, Parichart Naruphontjirakul, Chawal Padunglappisit, Piyaphong Panpisut
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J Korean Acad Conserv Dent ;Published online September 15, 2026
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2026.51.e46
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 Abstract
- Objectives
This study evaluated the degree of conversion (DC), mechanical properties, fluoride release, and color stability of a newly developed ion-releasing resin composite (Thamfil) containing calcium phosphate and bioactive glass compared to commercial materials.
Methods
DC was measured using ATR-FTIR (n = 5). Biaxial flexural strength (BFS) and modulus (BFM) were tested after 24 hours of immersion in deionized water at 37°C (n = 5). The cumulative fluoride release in deionized water for 4 weeks was also determined (n = 4). Color stability (∆E*00) was assessed after continuous immersion in deionized water or red wine at 37°C for 2 weeks (n = 5 per solution) using an intraoral spectrophotometer. Comparisons included FiltekBulk (3M Oral Care), BeautifilBulk (Shofu), and CentionN (Ivoclar Vivadent).
Results
Thamfil showed significantly higher DC (74%) than other materials (46%–54%, p < 0.05). BFS was highest for FiltekBulk (232 MPa), while Thamfil (133 MPa) was comparable to CentionN (160 MPa) and BeautifilBulk (126 MPa) (p > 0.05). BFM of Thamfil (2.6 GPa) was similar to that of BeautifilBulk (2.3 GPa) and CentionN (3.3 GPa) (p > 0.05). The cumulative fluoride release at 28 days for Thamfil (3.3 ppm) was comparable to BeautifilBulk (3.4 ppm) but was lower than CentionN (92.3 ppm). Thamfil showed higher ∆E*00 in water (3.6) than other materials (0.5–1.3) (p < 0.05), but a similar color change in red wine (39.2) to that of FiltekBulk (p > 0.05).
Conclusions
Thamfil exhibited high polymerization but low color stability. However, the material exhibited comparable strength and fluoride release to those of a commercial ion-releasing material (BeautifilBulk).
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KACD
