Surface roughness of experimental composite resins using confocal laser scanning microscope

JH Bae; MA Lee; BH Cho

doi:10.5395/JKACD.2008.33.1.001

Articles

Page Path: HOME > Restor Dent Endod > Volume 33(1); 2008 > Article

Original Article Surface roughness of experimental composite resins using confocal laser scanning microscope: JH Bae¹, MA Lee², BH Cho^2,3; 2008;33(1):-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2008.33.1.001
Published online: January 31, 2008

¹Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Korea.

²Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Korea.

³Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea.

Corresponding Author: Byeong-Hoon Cho. Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 28 Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-749, Korea. Tel: 82-2-2072-3514, Fax: 82-2-764-3514, chobh@snu.ac.kr

• Received: September 18, 2007 • Revised: October 24, 2007 • Accepted: October 24, 2007

421 Views
2 Download

Full Article

Download PDF

Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a new resin monomer, filler size and polishing technique on the surface roughness of composite resin restorations using confocal laser scanning microscopy. By adding new methoxylated Bis-GMA (Bis-M-GMA, 2,2-bis[4-(2-methoxy-3-methacryloyloxy propoxy) phenyl] propane) having low viscosity, the content of TEGDMA might be decreased. Three experimental composite resins were made: EX1 (Bis-M-GMA/TEGDMA = 95/5 wt%, 40 mm nanofillers); EX2 (Bis-M-GMA/TEGDMA = 95/5 wt%, 20 mm nanofillers); EX3 (Bis-GMA/TEGDMA = 70/30 wt%, 40 mm nanofillers). Filtek Z250 was used as a reference.

Nine specimens (6 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness) for each experimental composite resin and Filtek Z250 were fabricated in a teflon mold and assigned to three groups. In Mylar strip group, specimens were left undisturbed. In Sof-lex group, specimens were ground with #1000 SiC paper and polished with Sof-lex discs. In DiaPolisher group, specimens were ground with #1000 SiC paper and polished with DiaPolisher polishing points. The Ra (Average roughness), Rq (Root mean square roughness), Rv (Valley roughness), Rp (Peak roughness), Rc (2D roughness) and Sc (3D roughness) values were determined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The data were statistically analyzed by Two-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparisons test (p = 0.05).

The type of composite resin and polishing technique significantly affected the surface roughness of the composite resin restorations (p < 0.001). EX3 showed the smoothest surface compared to the other composite resins (p < 0.05). Mylar strip resulted in smoother surface than other polishing techniques (p < 0.05).

Bis-M-GMA, a new resin monomer having low viscosity, might reduce the amount of diluent, but showed adverse effect on the surface roughness of composite resin restorations.
Keywords: Bis-M-GMA; confocal laser scanning microscopy; filler size; new resin monomer; surface roughness

Figure 3

Cross-sectional profile obtained from the intersection line in Figure 1 & 2.

Figure 1

Confocal laser scanning micrography of EX3 Sof-lex group (× 200).

Download Figure

Figure 2

3D image of EX3 Sof-lex group obtained using confocal laser scanning micrography (× 200).

Download Figure

Table 1

The composition of experimental composite resins (Unit: wt%)

The numbers were weight percentage of the composition within each experimental resin.

Table 2

Polishing tools and their polishing protocols

Table 3

The Ra, Rq, Rv, Rp, Rc, and Sc values of experimental composite resins according to the polishing techniques

† The numbers in parentheses are the standard deviations. (n = 21)

¶ Means within same columns with different superscript letters in each parameter are significantly different (p < 0.05), and means within same rows with different superscript numbers in each parameter are significantly different (p < 0.05).

§ The values of Filtek Z250 were also measured as a reference.

This work was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Korea (Grant No. 03-PJ1-PG1-CH09-0001).

Figure 1

Confocal laser scanning micrography of EX3 Sof-lex group (× 200).

Figure 2

3D image of EX3 Sof-lex group obtained using confocal laser scanning micrography (× 200).

Figure 3

Cross-sectional profile obtained from the intersection line in Figure 1 & 2.

Table 1

The composition of experimental composite resins (Unit: wt%)

The numbers were weight percentage of the composition within each experimental resin.

Table 2

Polishing tools and their polishing protocols

Table 3

The Ra, Rq, Rv, Rp, Rc, and Sc values of experimental composite resins according to the polishing techniques

† The numbers in parentheses are the standard deviations. (n = 21)

§ The values of Filtek Z250 were also measured as a reference.

REFERENCES

1. Lu H, Roeder LB, Powers JM. Effect of polishing systems on the surface roughness of microhybrid composites. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2003;15: 297-304.Article PubMed
2. van Noort R, Davis LG. The surface finish of composite resin restorative materials. Br Dent J. 1984;157: 360-364.Article PubMed PDF
3. Toledano M, De La Torre FJ, Osorio R. Evaluation of two polishing methods for resin composites. Am J Dent. 1994;7: 328-330.
4. Chan KC, Fuller JL, Hormati AA. The ability of foods to stain two composite resins. J Prosthet Dent. 1980;43: 542-545.Article PubMed
5. Bouvier D, Duprez JP, Lissac M. Comparative evaluation of polishing systems on the surface of three aesthetic materials. J Oral Rehabil. 1997;24: 888-894.Article PubMed
6. Kaplan BA, Goldstein GR, Vijayaraghvan TV, Nelson IK. The effect of three polishing systems on the surface roughness of four hybrid composites; a profilometric and scanning electron microscopy study. J Prosthet Dent. 1996;76: 34-38.Article PubMed
7. Turssi CP, Saad JRC, Duarte SLL, Rodirigues AL. Composite surfaces after finishing and polishing techniques. Am J Dent. 2000;13: 136-138.PubMed
8. Lee JY, Shin DH. Surface roughness of universal composites after polishing procedures. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2003;28: 369-377.Article
9. Fruits TJ, Miranda FJ, Coury TL. Effects of equivalent abrasive grit sizes utilizing differing polishing motions on selected restorative materials. Quintessence Int. 1996;27: 279-285.PubMed
10. Roeder LB, Tate WH, Powers JM. Effect of finishing and polishing procedures on the surface roughness of packable composites. Oper Dent. 2000;25: 534-543.PubMed
11. Marigo L, Rizzi M, La Torre G, Rumi G. 3-D surface profile analysis: different finishing methods for resin composites. Oper Dent. 2001;26: 562-568.PubMed
12. Terry DA. Direct applications of a nanocomposite resin system; part 1- the evolution of contemporary composite materials. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent. 2004;16: 417-422.PubMed
13. Kalachandra S, Sankarapandian M, Shobha HK, Taylor DF, McGrath JE. Influence of hydrogen bonding on properties of Bis-GMA analogs. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 1997;8: 283-286.PubMed
14. Anseth KS, Newman SM, Bowman CN. Polymeric dental composites: properties and reaction behavior of multimethacrylate dental restorations. Adv Polym Sci. 1995;122: 177-217.Article
15. Braden M. The formulation of composite filling materials. Oper Dent. 1978;3: 97-102.PubMed
16. Kim JW, Kim LU, Kim CK, Cho BH, Kim OY. Characteristics of novel dental composites containing 2,2-bis[4-(2-methoxy-3-methacryloxy-propoxy) phenyl] propane as a base resin. Biomacromolecules. 2006;7: 154-160.Article PubMed
17. Bae JH, Kim YK, Yoon PY, Lee MA, Cho BH. Effect of a new resin monomer on the microleakage of composite resin restorations. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2007;32: 469-475.Article
18. González-Cabezas C, Fontana M, Dunipace AJ, Li Y, Fischer GM, Proskin HM, Stookey GK. Measurement of enamel remineralization using microradiography and confocal microscopy. A correlational study. Caries Res. 1998;32: 385-392.Article PubMed PDF
19. Al-Nawas B, Grotz KA, Götz H, Heinrich G, Rippin TG, Stender TE, Duschner H, Wagner W. Validation of three-dimensional surface characterising methods: scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Scanning. 2001;23: 227-231.Article PubMed
20. Al-Shammery HA, Bubb NL, Youngson CC, Fasbinder DJ, Wood DJ. The use of confocal microscopy to assess surface roughness of two milled CAD-CAM ceramics following two polishing techniques. Dent Mater. 2007;23: 736-741.Article PubMed
21. Ross M, Romrell LJ, Kaye GI. Histology. A test and atlas. 1995;3rd Ed. Williams & Wikins; 12-13.
22. Mohan B, Kandaswamy D. A confocal microscopic evaluation of resin-dentin interface using adhesive systems with three different solvents bonded to dry and moist dentin in vitro study. Quintessence Int. 2005;36: 511-521.PubMed
23. Banerjee A, Boyde A. Autofluorescence and mineral content of carious dentine: scanning optical and backscattered electron microscopic studies. Caries Res. 1998;32: 219-226.Article PubMed PDF
24. Hachiya Y, Iwaku M, Hosoda H, Fusayama T. Relation of finish to discoloration of composite resins. J Prosthet Dent. 1984;52: 811-814.PubMed
25. Okazaki M, Douglas WH. Comparison of surface layer properties of composite resin by ESCA, SEM and X-ray diffractiometry. Biomaterials. 1984;5: 284-290.Article PubMed
26. Lee IB, Lee JH, Cho BH, Son HH, Lee ST, Um CM. Rheological properties of resin composites according to the change of monomer and filler compositions. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2004;29: 520-531.Article
27. Rong MZ, Zhang MQ, Pan SL, Friedrich K. Interfacial effects in polypropylene-silica nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci. 2004;92: 1771-1781.Article

Tables & Figures

Figure 3

Cross-sectional profile obtained from the intersection line in Figure 1 & 2.

Figure 1

Confocal laser scanning micrography of EX3 Sof-lex group (× 200).

Download Figure

Figure 2

3D image of EX3 Sof-lex group obtained using confocal laser scanning micrography (× 200).

Download Figure

Figure 1

Confocal laser scanning micrography of EX3 Sof-lex group (× 200).

Download Figure

Figure 2

3D image of EX3 Sof-lex group obtained using confocal laser scanning micrography (× 200).

Download Figure

Table 1

The composition of experimental composite resins (Unit: wt%)

The numbers were weight percentage of the composition within each experimental resin.

Table 2

Polishing tools and their polishing protocols

Table 3

The Ra, Rq, Rv, Rp, Rc, and Sc values of experimental composite resins according to the polishing techniques

† The numbers in parentheses are the standard deviations. (n = 21)

§ The values of Filtek Z250 were also measured as a reference.

Figure 1

Confocal laser scanning micrography of EX3 Sof-lex group (× 200).

Figure 2

3D image of EX3 Sof-lex group obtained using confocal laser scanning micrography (× 200).

Figure 3

Cross-sectional profile obtained from the intersection line in Figure 1 & 2.

Table 1

The composition of experimental composite resins (Unit: wt%)

The numbers were weight percentage of the composition within each experimental resin.

Table 2

Polishing tools and their polishing protocols

Table 3

The Ra, Rq, Rv, Rp, Rc, and Sc values of experimental composite resins according to the polishing techniques

† The numbers in parentheses are the standard deviations. (n = 21)

§ The values of Filtek Z250 were also measured as a reference.

REFERENCES

1. Lu H, Roeder LB, Powers JM. Effect of polishing systems on the surface roughness of microhybrid composites. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2003;15: 297-304.Article PubMed
2. van Noort R, Davis LG. The surface finish of composite resin restorative materials. Br Dent J. 1984;157: 360-364.Article PubMed PDF
3. Toledano M, De La Torre FJ, Osorio R. Evaluation of two polishing methods for resin composites. Am J Dent. 1994;7: 328-330.
4. Chan KC, Fuller JL, Hormati AA. The ability of foods to stain two composite resins. J Prosthet Dent. 1980;43: 542-545.Article PubMed
5. Bouvier D, Duprez JP, Lissac M. Comparative evaluation of polishing systems on the surface of three aesthetic materials. J Oral Rehabil. 1997;24: 888-894.Article PubMed
6. Kaplan BA, Goldstein GR, Vijayaraghvan TV, Nelson IK. The effect of three polishing systems on the surface roughness of four hybrid composites; a profilometric and scanning electron microscopy study. J Prosthet Dent. 1996;76: 34-38.Article PubMed
7. Turssi CP, Saad JRC, Duarte SLL, Rodirigues AL. Composite surfaces after finishing and polishing techniques. Am J Dent. 2000;13: 136-138.PubMed
8. Lee JY, Shin DH. Surface roughness of universal composites after polishing procedures. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2003;28: 369-377.Article
9. Fruits TJ, Miranda FJ, Coury TL. Effects of equivalent abrasive grit sizes utilizing differing polishing motions on selected restorative materials. Quintessence Int. 1996;27: 279-285.PubMed
10. Roeder LB, Tate WH, Powers JM. Effect of finishing and polishing procedures on the surface roughness of packable composites. Oper Dent. 2000;25: 534-543.PubMed
11. Marigo L, Rizzi M, La Torre G, Rumi G. 3-D surface profile analysis: different finishing methods for resin composites. Oper Dent. 2001;26: 562-568.PubMed
12. Terry DA. Direct applications of a nanocomposite resin system; part 1- the evolution of contemporary composite materials. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent. 2004;16: 417-422.PubMed
13. Kalachandra S, Sankarapandian M, Shobha HK, Taylor DF, McGrath JE. Influence of hydrogen bonding on properties of Bis-GMA analogs. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 1997;8: 283-286.PubMed
14. Anseth KS, Newman SM, Bowman CN. Polymeric dental composites: properties and reaction behavior of multimethacrylate dental restorations. Adv Polym Sci. 1995;122: 177-217.Article
15. Braden M. The formulation of composite filling materials. Oper Dent. 1978;3: 97-102.PubMed
16. Kim JW, Kim LU, Kim CK, Cho BH, Kim OY. Characteristics of novel dental composites containing 2,2-bis[4-(2-methoxy-3-methacryloxy-propoxy) phenyl] propane as a base resin. Biomacromolecules. 2006;7: 154-160.Article PubMed
17. Bae JH, Kim YK, Yoon PY, Lee MA, Cho BH. Effect of a new resin monomer on the microleakage of composite resin restorations. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2007;32: 469-475.Article
18. González-Cabezas C, Fontana M, Dunipace AJ, Li Y, Fischer GM, Proskin HM, Stookey GK. Measurement of enamel remineralization using microradiography and confocal microscopy. A correlational study. Caries Res. 1998;32: 385-392.Article PubMed PDF
19. Al-Nawas B, Grotz KA, Götz H, Heinrich G, Rippin TG, Stender TE, Duschner H, Wagner W. Validation of three-dimensional surface characterising methods: scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Scanning. 2001;23: 227-231.Article PubMed
20. Al-Shammery HA, Bubb NL, Youngson CC, Fasbinder DJ, Wood DJ. The use of confocal microscopy to assess surface roughness of two milled CAD-CAM ceramics following two polishing techniques. Dent Mater. 2007;23: 736-741.Article PubMed
21. Ross M, Romrell LJ, Kaye GI. Histology. A test and atlas. 1995;3rd Ed. Williams & Wikins; 12-13.
22. Mohan B, Kandaswamy D. A confocal microscopic evaluation of resin-dentin interface using adhesive systems with three different solvents bonded to dry and moist dentin in vitro study. Quintessence Int. 2005;36: 511-521.PubMed
23. Banerjee A, Boyde A. Autofluorescence and mineral content of carious dentine: scanning optical and backscattered electron microscopic studies. Caries Res. 1998;32: 219-226.Article PubMed PDF
24. Hachiya Y, Iwaku M, Hosoda H, Fusayama T. Relation of finish to discoloration of composite resins. J Prosthet Dent. 1984;52: 811-814.PubMed
25. Okazaki M, Douglas WH. Comparison of surface layer properties of composite resin by ESCA, SEM and X-ray diffractiometry. Biomaterials. 1984;5: 284-290.Article PubMed
26. Lee IB, Lee JH, Cho BH, Son HH, Lee ST, Um CM. Rheological properties of resin composites according to the change of monomer and filler compositions. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2004;29: 520-531.Article
27. Rong MZ, Zhang MQ, Pan SL, Friedrich K. Interfacial effects in polypropylene-silica nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci. 2004;92: 1771-1781.Article

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

CanvasJS.com

ePub Link

Cite

CITE: export Copy Download Format; Close

Download Citation

Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

Format:

RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software

Include:

Citation for the content below
Citation and abstract for the content below

Surface roughness of experimental composite resins using confocal laser scanning microscope

J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2008;33(1):1-8. Published online January 31, 2008

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2008.33.1.001

XML Download

Figure

Related articles

Influence of access cavity design on calcium hydroxide removal using different cleaning protocols: a confocal laser scanning microscopy study

Surface roughness of experimental composite resins using confocal laser scanning microscope

Figure 1 Confocal laser scanning micrography of EX3 Sof-lex group (× 200).

Figure 2 3D image of EX3 Sof-lex group obtained using confocal laser scanning micrography (× 200).

Figure 3 Cross-sectional profile obtained from the intersection line in Figure 1 & 2.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Surface roughness of experimental composite resins using confocal laser scanning microscope

Table 1

The composition of experimental composite resins (Unit: wt%)

The numbers were weight percentage of the composition within each experimental resin.

Table 2

Polishing tools and their polishing protocols

Table 3

The Ra, Rq, Rv, Rp, Rc, and Sc values of experimental composite resins according to the polishing techniques

† The numbers in parentheses are the standard deviations. (n = 21)

§ The values of Filtek Z250 were also measured as a reference.

Table 1 The composition of experimental composite resins (Unit: wt%)

The numbers were weight percentage of the composition within each experimental resin.

Table 2 Polishing tools and their polishing protocols

Table 3 The Ra, Rq, Rv, Rp, Rc, and Sc values of experimental composite resins according to the polishing techniques