Scanning electron microscopic study on the efficacy of root canal wall debridement of rotary Ni-Ti instruments with different cutting angle

In-soo Jeon; Kee-yeon Kum; Seong-ho Park; Tai-cheol Yoon

doi:10.5395/JKACD.2002.27.6.577

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Original Article Scanning electron microscopic study on the efficacy of root canal wall debridement of rotary Ni-Ti instruments with different cutting angle: In-soo Jeon, Kee-yeon Kum, Seong-ho Park, Tai-cheol Yoon; 2002;27(6):-586.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2002.27.6.577
Published online: November 30, 2002

Department of Conservative Dentistry, Yonsei University, Korea.

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the effects of root canal debridement following rotary Ni-Ti instruments with positive versus negative rake angle. Seventy sound, extracted human anterior teeth & premolars were randomly divided into four groups. The used rotary instruments were Ni-Ti HERO 642(Micro-Mega in France, 20 specimen), Ni-Ti ProFile(Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland, 20 specimen), stainless steel engine reamer(Mani, Matsutani Seisakusho Co.,Japan, 20 specimen) and negative control group(10 specimen) was only extirpated with barbed broach(Mani, Matsutani Seisakusho Co.,Japan)

Group 1 & 2 teeth were prepared to a #40 at the apex followed by 1 mm using crown-down technique. Group 3 teeth were instrumented from a #15 to a #40 in sequential order. After preparation and final irrigation, the roots split longitudinally into a bucco-lingual direction. Root halves were cross-sectioned in apical third portion again. all root specimens were prepared for SEM investigation & photographed. Separate evaluations were undertaken for smear layer on prepared walls with a five score-index for each using reference photograph in root halves. the penetration depth of smear layer into dentinal tubules was also estimated in the other halves. the following results were obtained :

1. Smear layer was observed on all the prepared walls with three experimental groups except negative control group

2. Smear layer characteristics

1) HERO 642 groups showed snowy & dusty appearance & were observed only few some dentinal tubuli open on the prepared walls, and the penetration depth of it into dentinal tubules may be 1-2 µm thick.

2) ProFile groups showed shiny & burnished appearance & complete root canal wall covered by a homogenous smear layer with no open dentinal tubuli and penetration depth of it into dentinal tubules may be 1-2 µm thick.

3) Engine reamer groups showed obviously file's passed tracks on the prepared walls & were observed complete root canal wall covered by a homogenous smear layer with no open dentinal tubuli.

The results revealed that a completely clean root canal could not be achieved regardless of positive & negative rake angle, which is in accordance with the majority of studies on root canal cleanliness.

In conclusion, throughout irrigation with antibacterial solutions or chelating agents is recommended to remove the smear layer on prepared canal walls.
Keywords: smear layer; positive & negative rake angle; debridement; HERO 642; ProFile

Fig. 1

Scanning electron micrograph of canal wall prepared with Ni-Ti HERO 642(×1,500).

Fig. 2

Scanning electron micrograph of canal wall prepared with Ni-Ti ProFile(×1,500).

Fig. 3

Scanning electron micrograph of canal wall prepared with stainless-steel engine reamer(×1,500).

Fig. 4

Scanning electron micrograph of canal wall extirpated with barbed broach but not instrumented(×1,500).

Fig. 5

the penetration depth of smear layer into dentinal tubules was observed on canal wall prepared with Ni-Ti HERO 642(×3,000, ×5,000).

Fig. 6

the penetration depth of smear layer into dentinal tubules was observed on canal wall prepared with Ni-Ti ProFile(×3,000, ×5,000).

Fig. 7

the penetration depth of smear layer into dentinal tubules was observed on canal wall prepared with stainless-steel engine reamer(×3,000, ×5,000).

Fig. 8

the penetration depth of smear layer into dentinal tubules was observed on canal wall extirpated with barbed broach but not instrumented (×3,000, ×5,000).

Fig. 9

Total scores of smear layer at apical third in each groups

Table 1

Comparison of smear layer score

REFERENCES

1. Williams S, Goldman M. Penetrability of the smeared layer by a strain of Proteus vulgaris. J Endod. 1985;11: 385-388.Article PubMed
2. Kennedy WA, Walker WA. Smear layer removal effects on apical leakage. J Endod. 1986;12: 21-27.Article PubMed
3. Pitt Ford TR, Roberts GJ. Tissue response to glass ionomer retrograde root fillings. Int Endod J. 1990;23: 233-238.Article PubMed
4. Baker NA, Eleazer PD, Averbach RE, Seltzer S. Scanning electron microscopic study of the efficacy of variious irrigating solutions. J Endod. 1975;1: 127-135.PubMed
5. Yamada RS, Armas A, Goldman M, Lin PS. A scanning electron microscopic comparison of a high volume final flush with several irrigating solutions: Part III. J Endod. 1983;9: 137-142.PubMed
6. Orstavik D, Haapasalo M. Disinfection by endodontic irrigants and dressings of experimentally infected dentinal tubules. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1990;6: 142-149.Article PubMed
7. Haikel Y, Gasser P, Allemann C. Dynamic fracture of hybrid endodontic hand instruments compared with traditional files. J Endod. 1991;17: 217-220 Camps JJ, Pertot WJ. : Torsional and stiffness properties of nickel-titanium K files. Int Endod J 1995; 28: 239-43.Article PubMed
8. Vulcain JM, Calas P. The three wave concept of Hero 642. Endod Prac. 1999;4: 20-30.
9. Thomson SA, Dummer PMH. Shaping ability of Profile.04 Taper Series 29 rotary nickel-titanium instruments in simulated root canals. Part 1. Int Endod J. 1997;30: 1-7.Article PubMed
10. Hülsmann M, Rümmelin C, Schäfers F. Root canal cleanliness after preparation with different endodontic handpieces and hand instruments: a comparative SEM investigation. J Endod. 1997;23: 301-306.Article PubMed
11. Brännström M, Nyborg H. : Cavity treatment with a microbicidal fluoride solution: growth of bacteria and effect on the pulp. J Prosthet Dent. 1973;30: 303-310.Article PubMed
12. Uitto VJ, Haapasalo M, Laakso T, Salo T. Degradation of basement membrane(Type IV) collagen by protease from some anaerobic microorganism. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1988;3: 97-102.PubMed
13. Heard F, Walton RE. Scanning electron microscopic study comparing four root canal preparation techniques in small curved canals. Int Endod J. 1997;30: 323-331.Article PubMed
14. Cameron JA. Factors affecting the clinical efficiency of ultrasonic endodontics: a scanning electron microscopy study. Int Endod J. 1995;28: 47-53.Article PubMed
15. Peters OA, Barbakow F. Effects of irrigation on debris and smear layer on canal walls prepared by two rotary techniques : a scanning electron microscopic syudy. J Endod. 2000;26: 6-10.PubMed
16. Bechelli C, Zecchi Orlandini S, Colafranceschi M. Scanning electron microscopic stydy on the efficacy of root canal wall debridement of hand versus lightspeed instrumentation. Int Endod J. 1999;32: 484-493.PubMed
17. Liolios E, Economides N, Parissis-Messimeris S. The effectiveness of three irrigating solutions on root canal cleaning after hand and mechanical preparation. Int Endod J. 1997;30: 51-57.Article PubMed

Tables & Figures

Fig. 1

Scanning electron micrograph of canal wall prepared with Ni-Ti HERO 642(×1,500).

Fig. 2

Scanning electron micrograph of canal wall prepared with Ni-Ti ProFile(×1,500).

Fig. 3

Scanning electron micrograph of canal wall prepared with stainless-steel engine reamer(×1,500).

Fig. 4

Scanning electron micrograph of canal wall extirpated with barbed broach but not instrumented(×1,500).

Fig. 5

the penetration depth of smear layer into dentinal tubules was observed on canal wall prepared with Ni-Ti HERO 642(×3,000, ×5,000).

Fig. 6

the penetration depth of smear layer into dentinal tubules was observed on canal wall prepared with Ni-Ti ProFile(×3,000, ×5,000).

Fig. 7

the penetration depth of smear layer into dentinal tubules was observed on canal wall prepared with stainless-steel engine reamer(×3,000, ×5,000).

Fig. 8

the penetration depth of smear layer into dentinal tubules was observed on canal wall extirpated with barbed broach but not instrumented (×3,000, ×5,000).

Fig. 9

Total scores of smear layer at apical third in each groups

Table 1

Comparison of smear layer score

REFERENCES

1. Williams S, Goldman M. Penetrability of the smeared layer by a strain of Proteus vulgaris. J Endod. 1985;11: 385-388.Article PubMed
2. Kennedy WA, Walker WA. Smear layer removal effects on apical leakage. J Endod. 1986;12: 21-27.Article PubMed
3. Pitt Ford TR, Roberts GJ. Tissue response to glass ionomer retrograde root fillings. Int Endod J. 1990;23: 233-238.Article PubMed
4. Baker NA, Eleazer PD, Averbach RE, Seltzer S. Scanning electron microscopic study of the efficacy of variious irrigating solutions. J Endod. 1975;1: 127-135.PubMed
5. Yamada RS, Armas A, Goldman M, Lin PS. A scanning electron microscopic comparison of a high volume final flush with several irrigating solutions: Part III. J Endod. 1983;9: 137-142.PubMed
6. Orstavik D, Haapasalo M. Disinfection by endodontic irrigants and dressings of experimentally infected dentinal tubules. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1990;6: 142-149.Article PubMed
7. Haikel Y, Gasser P, Allemann C. Dynamic fracture of hybrid endodontic hand instruments compared with traditional files. J Endod. 1991;17: 217-220 Camps JJ, Pertot WJ. : Torsional and stiffness properties of nickel-titanium K files. Int Endod J 1995; 28: 239-43.Article PubMed
8. Vulcain JM, Calas P. The three wave concept of Hero 642. Endod Prac. 1999;4: 20-30.
9. Thomson SA, Dummer PMH. Shaping ability of Profile.04 Taper Series 29 rotary nickel-titanium instruments in simulated root canals. Part 1. Int Endod J. 1997;30: 1-7.Article PubMed
10. Hülsmann M, Rümmelin C, Schäfers F. Root canal cleanliness after preparation with different endodontic handpieces and hand instruments: a comparative SEM investigation. J Endod. 1997;23: 301-306.Article PubMed
11. Brännström M, Nyborg H. : Cavity treatment with a microbicidal fluoride solution: growth of bacteria and effect on the pulp. J Prosthet Dent. 1973;30: 303-310.Article PubMed
12. Uitto VJ, Haapasalo M, Laakso T, Salo T. Degradation of basement membrane(Type IV) collagen by protease from some anaerobic microorganism. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1988;3: 97-102.PubMed
13. Heard F, Walton RE. Scanning electron microscopic study comparing four root canal preparation techniques in small curved canals. Int Endod J. 1997;30: 323-331.Article PubMed
14. Cameron JA. Factors affecting the clinical efficiency of ultrasonic endodontics: a scanning electron microscopy study. Int Endod J. 1995;28: 47-53.Article PubMed
15. Peters OA, Barbakow F. Effects of irrigation on debris and smear layer on canal walls prepared by two rotary techniques : a scanning electron microscopic syudy. J Endod. 2000;26: 6-10.PubMed
16. Bechelli C, Zecchi Orlandini S, Colafranceschi M. Scanning electron microscopic stydy on the efficacy of root canal wall debridement of hand versus lightspeed instrumentation. Int Endod J. 1999;32: 484-493.PubMed
17. Liolios E, Economides N, Parissis-Messimeris S. The effectiveness of three irrigating solutions on root canal cleaning after hand and mechanical preparation. Int Endod J. 1997;30: 51-57.Article PubMed

Citations

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Scanning electron microscopic study on the efficacy of root canal wall debridement of rotary Ni-Ti instruments with different cutting angle

J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2002;27(6):577-586. Published online November 30, 2002

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2002.27.6.577

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Figure

Scanning electron microscopic study on the efficacy of root canal wall debridement of rotary Ni-Ti instruments with different cutting angle

Fig. 1 Scanning electron micrograph of canal wall prepared with Ni-Ti HERO 642(×1,500).

Fig. 2 Scanning electron micrograph of canal wall prepared with Ni-Ti ProFile(×1,500).

Fig. 3 Scanning electron micrograph of canal wall prepared with stainless-steel engine reamer(×1,500).

Fig. 4 Scanning electron micrograph of canal wall extirpated with barbed broach but not instrumented(×1,500).

Fig. 5 the penetration depth of smear layer into dentinal tubules was observed on canal wall prepared with Ni-Ti HERO 642(×3,000, ×5,000).

Fig. 6 the penetration depth of smear layer into dentinal tubules was observed on canal wall prepared with Ni-Ti ProFile(×3,000, ×5,000).

Fig. 7 the penetration depth of smear layer into dentinal tubules was observed on canal wall prepared with stainless-steel engine reamer(×3,000, ×5,000).

Fig. 8 the penetration depth of smear layer into dentinal tubules was observed on canal wall extirpated with barbed broach but not instrumented (×3,000, ×5,000).

Fig. 9 Total scores of smear layer at apical third in each groups

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

Scanning electron microscopic study on the efficacy of root canal wall debridement of rotary Ni-Ti instruments with different cutting angle

Table 1

Comparison of smear layer score

Table 1 Comparison of smear layer score