Nano-computed tomography: current and future perspectives

Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed

doi:10.5395/rde.2016.41.3.236

Articles

Page Path: HOME > Restor Dent Endod > Volume 41(3); 2016 > Article

Letter to Editor Nano-computed tomography: current and future perspectives: Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed; 2016;41(3):-238.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2016.41.3.236
Published online: July 26, 2016

Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Correspondence to Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed, BDS, HDD, PhD. Senior lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia 16150. TEL, +60-12-9857937; hany_endodontist@hotmail.com

©Copyrights 2016. The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

381 Views
4 Download
14 Crossref

prev next

Full Article

Download PDF

REFERENCES

The development of novel imaging technologies amplifies the excellence of scientific dental research. Significant technological advances in imaging have been introduced over the years in the field of restorative dentistry and endodontics. X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) systems were developed in the early 1980s, producing voxels in the range of 5 - 50 µm.1 These micro-CT systems offer a reproducible technique for three-dimensional assessment. Because the imaging process is non-destructive, the same samples can be examined many times and continue to be available after scanning for additional biological and mechanical testing.1,2 In recent years, micro-CT systems have rapidly gained importance as essential components of many academic and industrial research laboratories, and have been used in examining a wide range of specimens including teeth, bone, and materials.1 Newer generations of micro-CT systems also enable in vivo imaging of small live animals.1

In general, classical experimental methods used for studying root canal morphology are destructive and produce irreversible changes to the specimens.1 Hence, the micro-CT has gained increasing significance in the study of the root and root canal morphology because of its non-invasive nature.3,4,5 Results continue to demonstrate high levels of complexity of the root canal system, and many canals are described as non-classifiable.6 This technology has been also advocated for use in evaluating changes in root canal geometry before and after endodontic preparation.7 The high resolution data obtained by this modern imaging modality accompanied by the ability to accurately match and compare the same pre- and post-instrumentation slices yields a valid approach for accurate assessment.7 Other applications included the evaluation of root canal filling quality8 and the efficacy of the file systems to remove filling materials in instances of retreatment.9

Ultra-high spatial resolution 'nano-CT' devices have become available as a result of the continuous technological advancements in the development of CT systems. Nano-CT systems, which generally use a nano-focal spot source (< 400 nm),10 have been employed to analyze cartilage and bone tissues, material quality, and imaging of vascular networks.11,12,13,14,15 The nano-CT system allows clear visualization of structures on the level of cells as well as internal ultrastructure of bone trabeculae and submicron hard tissue cracks.10,15 This is attributed to the advanced technical characteristics of the nano-CT system owing to the excellent contrast resolution of the flat-panel detector. In addition, the device is equipped with a granite base and precise rotation unit, which makes it very stable during the data acquisition process.16 The ability to obtain faster scans is another advantage compared to micro-CT.12,16

In dental research, high-resolution nano-CT systems have also been found to be useful in oral implantology and restorative dentistry.14,17,18 Cuijpers et al.14 evaluated the spatial resolution and sensitivity of the nano-CT in a dog dental implant model, and the results confirmed the high resolution of the nano-CT system in accordance with histological assessments. Nano-CT was capable of revealing sub-micron structures embedded in radiodense matrices. A group of researchers from Belgium have confirmed the ability of nano-CT to determine the nano-leakage at the resin composite restoration margins upon polymerization.17,18 This method could also determine the 3D displacement of filler particles within the resin composite. Thus, a proper correlation analysis of these features may aid in the development of a resin composite with minimal shrinkage after polymerization.17

In the field of endodontics, a recent study16 utilized this modern 3D technique (micro- and nano-CT) together with histological assessment to investigate the internal architecture of external cervical resorption. Results confirmed the ability of nano-CT to clearly identify the border between reparative tissue and dentine. The image resolution also matched the histological assessment at the tissue level, which was superior to that of the micro-CT where both structures had similar grey levels causing difficulty in differentiating between them.

Nano-CT currently represents the extremes of spatial image resolution attainable in a laboratory tomographic device, opening up new applications for tomographic imaging in the field of endodontics. The future may hold promise for the ability of nano-CT to provide reliable and innovative information on fine details of the minor canal anatomy and dentinal tubules of the root dentine (together with evaluations after the application of endodontic materials such as root canal filling materials), programmed physiological changes in the roots of primary teeth, pathological changes in the root (such as internal and external root resorption) and their reparative processes, bioactivity of endodontic materials, and pulp tissue engineering.

Notably, nano-CT technology also has its limitations. In addition to high expenses, the method, up to date, cannot replace histological assessment especially when specific staining is required for cellular evaluations.16 Optimal parameters may also require pilot experiments.16 Despite that nano-CT provides better resolutions than micro-CT, in terms of quantification, the nano-CT has limitations in sample size in which the achievable volume of interest is smaller, which may affect the reliability of the obtained data.14

Based on the discussion above, it is clear that there is a growing body of evidence for the potential applications of nano-CT in dental research which may help to expand the existing knowledge in restorative dentistry and endodontics, thus paving the way for better visualization, proper validation and thorough understanding of complex phenomena in anatomical variations, tissue responses and interactions with restorative and endodontic materials.

Conflict of Interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

REFERENCES

1. Swain MV, Xue J. State of the art of Micro-CT applications in dental research. Int J Oral Sci 2009;1:177-188.Article PubMed PMC
2. Marciano MA, Duarte MAH, Ordinola-Zapata R, Del Carpio-Perochena A, Cavenago BC, Villas-Bôas MH, Minotti PG, Bramante CM, Moraes IG. Applications of micro-computed tomography in endodontic research. In: Méndez-Vilas A, editor. Current microscopy contributions to advances in science and technology. Badajoz, Spain: Formatex research center; 2012. p. 782-788.
3. Versiani MA, Ordinola-Zapata R, Keleş A, Alcin H, Bramante CM, Pécora JD, Sousa-Neto MD. Middle mesial canals in mandibular first molars: a micro-CT study in different populations. Arch Oral Biol 2016;61:130-137.Article PubMed
4. Verma P, Love RM. A micro CT study of the mesiobuccal root canal morphology of the maxillary first molar tooth. Int Endod J 2011;44:210-217.Article PubMed
5. Versiani MA, Pécora JD, Sousa-Neto MD. Microcomputed tomography analysis of the root canal morphology of single-rooted mandibular canines. Int Endod J 2013;46:800-807.Article PubMed
6. Ahmed HMA. A paradigm evolution shift in the endodontic map. Eur J Gen Dent 2015;4:98.Article
7. Junaid A, Freire LG, da Silveira Bueno CE, Mello I, Cunha RS. Influence of single-file endodontics on apical transportation in curved root canals: an ex vivo micro-computed tomographic study. J Endod 2014;40:717-720.Article PubMed
8. Keleş A, Alcin H, Kamalak A, Versiani MA. Micro-CT evaluation of root filling quality in oval-shaped canals. Int Endod J 2014;47:1177-1184.PubMed
9. Rödig T, Reicherts P, Konietschke F, Dullin C, Hahn W, Hülsmann M. Efficacy of reciprocating and rotary NiTi instruments for retreatment of curved root canals assessed by micro-CT. Int Endod J 2014;47:942-948.PubMed
10. Peyrin F, Dong P, Pacureanu A, Langer M. Micro- and nano-CT for the study of bone ultrastructure. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2014;12:465-474.Article PubMed PDF
11. Kerckhofs G, Sainz J, Maréchal M, Wevers M, Van de Putte T, Geris L, Schrooten J. Contrast-enhanced nanofocus X-ray computed tomography allows virtual three-dimensional histopathology and morphometric analysis of osteoarthritis in small animal models. Cartilage 2014;5:55-65.Article PubMed PMC PDF
12. Kerckhofs G, Sainz J, Wevers M, Van de Putte T, Schrooten J. Contrast-enhanced nanofocus computed tomography images the cartilage subtissue architecture in three dimensions. Eur Cell Mater 2013;25:179-189.Article PubMed
13. van Hove RP, Nolte PA, Vatsa A, Semeins CM, Salmon PL, Smit TH, Klein-Nulend J. Osteocyte morphology in human tibiae of different bone pathologies with different bone mineral density-is there a role for mechanosensing? Bone 2009;45:321-329.PubMed
14. Cuijpers VM, Jaroszewicz J, Anil S, Al Farraj Aldosari A, Walboomers XF, Jansen JA. Resolution, sensitivity, and in vivo application of high-resolution computed tomography for titanium-coated polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) dental implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 2014;25:359-365.PubMed
15. Salmon PL, Sasov AY. Application of nano-CT and high-resolution micro-CT to study bone quality and ultrastructure, scaffold biomaterials and vascular networks. In: Qin L, Genant HK, Griffith JF, Leung K, editors. Advanced bioimaging technologies in assessment of the quality of bone and scaffold materials. 1st ed. Berlin: Springer Verlag Heidelberg; 2007. p. 323-331.
16. Mavridou AM, Pyka G, Kerckhofs G, Wevers M, Bergmans L, Gunst V, Huybrechts B, Schepers E, Hauben E, Lambrechts P. A novel multimodular methodology to investigate external cervical tooth resorption. Int Endod J 2016;49:287-300.Article PubMed
17. Wevers M. X-ray computed tomography for nondestructive testing. International Conference on Industrial Computed Tomography. 2012;updated 2016 Jul 20]. Available from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.303.807&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
18. Van Ende A, Kerckhofs G, Wevers M, Meerbeek BV. High-resolution X-ray computed tomography in dental research. updated 2016 Jul 20]. Available from: https://www.mtm.kuleuven.be/Onderzoek/ndt/downloads_links/9-Van%20End.pdf.

Tables & Figures

REFERENCES

1. Swain MV, Xue J. State of the art of Micro-CT applications in dental research. Int J Oral Sci 2009;1:177-188.Article PubMed PMC
2. Marciano MA, Duarte MAH, Ordinola-Zapata R, Del Carpio-Perochena A, Cavenago BC, Villas-Bôas MH, Minotti PG, Bramante CM, Moraes IG. Applications of micro-computed tomography in endodontic research. In: Méndez-Vilas A, editor. Current microscopy contributions to advances in science and technology. Badajoz, Spain: Formatex research center; 2012. p. 782-788.
3. Versiani MA, Ordinola-Zapata R, Keleş A, Alcin H, Bramante CM, Pécora JD, Sousa-Neto MD. Middle mesial canals in mandibular first molars: a micro-CT study in different populations. Arch Oral Biol 2016;61:130-137.Article PubMed
4. Verma P, Love RM. A micro CT study of the mesiobuccal root canal morphology of the maxillary first molar tooth. Int Endod J 2011;44:210-217.Article PubMed
5. Versiani MA, Pécora JD, Sousa-Neto MD. Microcomputed tomography analysis of the root canal morphology of single-rooted mandibular canines. Int Endod J 2013;46:800-807.Article PubMed
6. Ahmed HMA. A paradigm evolution shift in the endodontic map. Eur J Gen Dent 2015;4:98.Article
7. Junaid A, Freire LG, da Silveira Bueno CE, Mello I, Cunha RS. Influence of single-file endodontics on apical transportation in curved root canals: an ex vivo micro-computed tomographic study. J Endod 2014;40:717-720.Article PubMed
8. Keleş A, Alcin H, Kamalak A, Versiani MA. Micro-CT evaluation of root filling quality in oval-shaped canals. Int Endod J 2014;47:1177-1184.PubMed
9. Rödig T, Reicherts P, Konietschke F, Dullin C, Hahn W, Hülsmann M. Efficacy of reciprocating and rotary NiTi instruments for retreatment of curved root canals assessed by micro-CT. Int Endod J 2014;47:942-948.PubMed
10. Peyrin F, Dong P, Pacureanu A, Langer M. Micro- and nano-CT for the study of bone ultrastructure. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2014;12:465-474.Article PubMed PDF
11. Kerckhofs G, Sainz J, Maréchal M, Wevers M, Van de Putte T, Geris L, Schrooten J. Contrast-enhanced nanofocus X-ray computed tomography allows virtual three-dimensional histopathology and morphometric analysis of osteoarthritis in small animal models. Cartilage 2014;5:55-65.Article PubMed PMC PDF
12. Kerckhofs G, Sainz J, Wevers M, Van de Putte T, Schrooten J. Contrast-enhanced nanofocus computed tomography images the cartilage subtissue architecture in three dimensions. Eur Cell Mater 2013;25:179-189.Article PubMed
13. van Hove RP, Nolte PA, Vatsa A, Semeins CM, Salmon PL, Smit TH, Klein-Nulend J. Osteocyte morphology in human tibiae of different bone pathologies with different bone mineral density-is there a role for mechanosensing? Bone 2009;45:321-329.PubMed
14. Cuijpers VM, Jaroszewicz J, Anil S, Al Farraj Aldosari A, Walboomers XF, Jansen JA. Resolution, sensitivity, and in vivo application of high-resolution computed tomography for titanium-coated polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) dental implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 2014;25:359-365.PubMed
15. Salmon PL, Sasov AY. Application of nano-CT and high-resolution micro-CT to study bone quality and ultrastructure, scaffold biomaterials and vascular networks. In: Qin L, Genant HK, Griffith JF, Leung K, editors. Advanced bioimaging technologies in assessment of the quality of bone and scaffold materials. 1st ed. Berlin: Springer Verlag Heidelberg; 2007. p. 323-331.
16. Mavridou AM, Pyka G, Kerckhofs G, Wevers M, Bergmans L, Gunst V, Huybrechts B, Schepers E, Hauben E, Lambrechts P. A novel multimodular methodology to investigate external cervical tooth resorption. Int Endod J 2016;49:287-300.Article PubMed
17. Wevers M. X-ray computed tomography for nondestructive testing. International Conference on Industrial Computed Tomography. 2012;updated 2016 Jul 20]. Available from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.303.807&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
18. Van Ende A, Kerckhofs G, Wevers M, Meerbeek BV. High-resolution X-ray computed tomography in dental research. updated 2016 Jul 20]. Available from: https://www.mtm.kuleuven.be/Onderzoek/ndt/downloads_links/9-Van%20End.pdf.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Root canal conicity determination of primary second molars using nanotomography: An in vitro study
Marília Pacífico Lucisano, Gilmer Torres Ramos, Daniel José Blanco‐Victorio, Laura Ricardina Ramírez‐Sotelo, Ricardo Barbosa Lima, Paulo Nelson‐Filho, Raquel Assed Bezerra da Silva, Jessica Arieta Miranda, Léa Assed Bezerra da Silva
International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry.2025; 35(1): 33. CrossRef
Qualitative and quantitative assessment of solite RE black and HyFlex remover systems for endodontic retreatment - An in vitro nano-computed tomography analysis
Annie Sylvea Valan, Pradeep Solete, S. Delphine Priscilla Antony, Surendar Ramamoorthi, Mohannad Alasqah, Vasaki Arunachalam
Saudi Endodontic Journal.2025; 15(1): 59. CrossRef
Nanoidentification in endodontics: Bibliometric analysis and comprehensive review on the basis of characterisation research by Nano-computed tomography imaging
Olcay Özdemir, Sena Kaşıkçı, Turkan Kopac
Japanese Dental Science Review.2025; 61: 55. CrossRef
Efficacy of Various Heat-treated Retreatment File Systems on the Apical Deformity and Canal Centering Ability in a Single-rooted Teeth using Nano CT
Swathi S, Pradeep Solete, Ganesh Jeevanandan, Delphine Priscilla Antony S, Kavalipurapu Venkata Teja, Dona Sanju
The Open Dentistry Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative evaluation of remaining dentin thickness, canal centering ability and apical deformity between ProFit S3 and Protaper gold – A nano CT study
S. Swathi, Delphine Priscilla Antony, Pradeep Solete, Ganesh Jeevanandan, Satish Vishwanathaiah, Prabhadevi C. Maganur
The Saudi Dental Journal.2024; 36(4): 650. CrossRef
In Vitro Research Methods Used to Evaluate Shaping Ability of Rotary Endodontic Files—A Literature Review
Ranya F. Elemam, Ana Mano Azul, João Dias, Khaled El Sahli, Renato de Toledo Leonardo
Dentistry Journal.2024; 12(10): 334. CrossRef
Comparative evaluation of volumetric changes following rotary and hand files’ canal preparation of primary maxillary canine: an in vitro nano-CT analysis
S. Balaji, G. Jeevanandan, V. Ravindran, A. A. Assiry, S. Vishwanathaiah, P. C. Maganur
European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry.2024; 25(2): 227. CrossRef
Evaluation of Volumetric Changes between Pediatric Rotary Files and Manual Files during Canal Preparation of Primary Mandibular Canine: A Nano-CT Analysis
Balaji Suresh, Ganesh Jeevanandan, Vignesh Ravindran, Satish Vishwanathaiah, Suman Panda, Ather Ahmed Syed, Sultan Altowairqi, Aram AlShehri, Ali Alaqla, Sanjeev Khanagar, Prabhadevi Maganur
European Journal of General Dentistry.2024; 13(03): 247. CrossRef
Generating 3D images of material microstructures from a single 2D image: a denoising diffusion approach
Johan Phan, Muhammad Sarmad, Leonardo Ruspini, Gabriel Kiss, Frank Lindseth
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A critical analysis of laboratory and clinical research methods to study root and canal anatomy
Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed
International Endodontic Journal.2022; 55(S2): 229. CrossRef
Contrast‐enhanced nano‐CT reveals soft dental tissues and cellular layers
T. Hildebrand, L. Nogueira, P. T. Sunde, D. Ørstavik, B. Glasmacher, H. J. Haugen
International Endodontic Journal.2021; 54(8): 1275. CrossRef
Combination of electrospinning with other techniques for the fabrication of 3D polymeric and composite nanofibrous scaffolds with improved cellular interactions
Silvestre Bongiovanni Abel, Florencia Montini Ballarin, Gustavo A Abraham
Nanotechnology.2020; 31(17): 172002. CrossRef
Nano-CT as tool for characterization of dental resin composites
Håvard J. Haugen, Saad B. Qasim, Jukka P. Matinlinna, Pekka Vallittu, Liebert Parreiras Nogueira
Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Root canal conicity estimation of primary maxillary central and lateral incisors—A study by Nano‐CT
Gilmer Torres-Ramos, Marília Pacífico Lucisano, Daniel Jose Blanco-Victorio, Laura Ricardina Ramírez‐Sotelo, Paulo Nelson‐Filho, Raquel Assed Bezerra Silva, Lea Assed Bezerra Silva
International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry.2020; 30(6): 764. CrossRef

CanvasJS.com

ePub Link

Cite

CITE: export Copy Download Format; Close

Download Citation

Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

Format:

RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software

Include:

Citation for the content below
Citation and abstract for the content below

Nano-computed tomography: current and future perspectives

Restor Dent Endod. 2016;41(3):236-238. Published online July 26, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2016.41.3.236

XML Download

Nano-computed tomography: current and future perspectives