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- Research Article C-shaped root canals of mandibular second molars in a Korean population: a CBCT analysis
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Hee-Sun Kim1
, Daun Jung1, Ho Lee1, Yoon-Sic Han1, Sohee Oh2, Hye-Young Sim1 -
Restor Dent Endod 2018;43(4):e42.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2018.43.e42
Published online: November 1, 2018
1Department of Dentistry, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center (SMG-SNU BMC), Seoul, Korea. JFIF d d Ducky d qhttp://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/ |er˭|I|-fGK.rΛp8XV1%K6mvG+tc+qE &ǸC_Nm:l=_/m5^[dߌڇ.c<%:)tQ$Ow~-aY;UJ >=F)2[nk؆?훐 M=l6[4(O.]2#-H^n#->&mp5~Fӛ+|| S,xag% qkEUzUgæBhߕP(7]kFnq?֖Cpru Z6*rEڊtS|*tI*E}7R<,nUU֫^I7Q*mSly%rdȓd8hE<9oHhMfNSRj[i7D[Rj݊+kდq{"$$H?p \̅S?㭻;t~ R߁ )^/>Qj`yt[w ԛ;² ~+ ߔ_ YW~|o] ?x^ᯛ `ʼn;g)T@vWn]>&4l p+$D̢1l|ȨF%-} .9[}w~
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2Department of Biostatics, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center (SMG-SNU BMC), Seoul, Korea. JFIF d d Ducky d qhttp://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/ |er˭|I|-fGK.rΛp8XV1%K6mvG+tc+qE &ǸC_Nm:l=_/m5^[dߌڇ.c<%:)tQ$Ow~-aY;UJ >=F)2[nk؆?훐 M=l6[4(O.]2#-H^n#->&mp5~Fӛ+|| S,xag% qkEUzUgæBhߕP(7]kFnq?֖Cpru Z6*rEڊtS|*tI*E}7R<,nUU֫^I7Q*mSly%rdȓd8hE<9oHhMfNSRj[i7D[Rj݊+kდq{"$$H?p \̅S?㭻;t~ R߁ )^/>Qj`yt[w ԛ;² ~+ ߔ_ YW~|o] ?x^ᯛ `ʼn;g)T@vWn]>&4l p+$D̢1l|ȨF%-} .9[}w~
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- Correspondence to Hee-Sun Kim, DDS, MSD, PhD. Associate Professor, Department of Dentistry, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center (SMG-SNU BMC), 20 Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, Korea. hskamy@naver.com
- Correspondence to Hye-Young Sim, DDS, MSD, PhD. Assistant Professor, Department of Dentistry, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center (SMG-SNU BMC), 20 Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, Korea. othodo@hanmail.net
• Received: June 1, 2018 • Accepted: August 22, 2018
Copyright © 2018. The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Abstract
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Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the C-shaped root canal anatomy of mandibular second molars in a Korean population.
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Materials and Methods A total of 542 teeth were evaluated using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The canal shapes were classified according to a modified version of Melton's method at the level where the pulp chamber floor became discernible.
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Results Of the 542 mandibular second molars, 215 (39.8%) had C-shaped canals, 330 (53%) had 3 canals, 17 (3.3%) had 2 canals, 12 (2.2%) had 4 canals, and 8 (1.7%) had 1 canal. The prevalence of C-shaped canals was 47.8% in females and 28.4% in males. Seventy-seven percent of the C-shaped canals showed a bilateral appearance. The prevalence of C-shaped canals showed no difference according to age or tooth position. Most teeth with a C-shaped canal system presented Melton's type II (45.6%) and type III (32.1%) configurations.
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Conclusions There was a high prevalence of C-shaped canals in the mandibular second molars of the Korean population studied. CBCT is expected to be useful for endodontic diagnosis and treatment planning of mandibular second molars.
INTRODUCTION
Variations in canal configuration can cause challenges in the debridement and obturation of canals [1,2]. One of these variations is the C-shaped canal, which is most commonly seen in mandibular second molars, although it can also be observed in maxillary and mandibular premolars and molars [3,4,5,6,7]. This variation causes considerable difficulties in visualization, instrument access, and identification of canal anatomy [2,8,9,10,11]. Preoperative recognition of such variations is an essential for the successful endodontic treatment of mandibular second molars [10,12].
Since the first report by Cooke and Cox in 1979 [1], many investigators have evaluated the root canal anatomy of mandibular second molars. The prevalence of C-shaped canals has been reported to vary depending on the population and ethnic group [1,4,7,10,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]. The mandibular second molars in Asian populations have shown a high prevalence of C-shaped canals in many studies [6,18,20,25,30].
Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has recently been suggested as a useful method for investigating root canal anatomy. Its 3-dimensional images provide a more precise and through understanding of the root canal system than is possible using traditional 2-dimensional radiography [5,10,12,23]. Furthermore, due to its noninvasive nature, CBCT facilitates larger sample sizes in comparison to studies using microscopic analysis [10,23,30].
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the C-shaped root canal configurations of mandibular second molars in a Korean population using in vivo CBCT images.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was approved by the Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center (SMG-SNU BMC) Institutional Review Board (IRB No. 20161207/26-2016-160/122).
The subjects were Korean patients who underwent CBCT for diagnostic purposes at SMG-SNU BMC from January to December 2014. CBCT was mainly performed as part of planning for the surgical extraction of impacted teeth or implant surgery. A total of 540 mandibular second molars were selected according to the following criteria:
1. Mandibular second molars with bilateral fully developed roots.
2. No root canal fillings, posts or crown restorations, or periapical lesions.
The subjects were aged from 15 to 63 years, and their mean age was 27.7 years. There were 159 female subjects (318 teeth) and 111 male subjects (222 teeth).
The CBCT images were taken with a Dinnova system (Willmed, Gwangmyeong, Korea), with the following settings: 95 kVp, 9.0 mA, a 20 × 7-cm field of view, 0.2 mm3 voxel size, and 1.0 mm slice thickness. OnDemand 3D software (Cybermed, Seoul, Korea) was used to display the tomographic sections.
The number of root canals was counted at the level where the pulp chamber floor became discernible. The canal shapes were classified as subtypes of C-shaped canal systems according to the modified Melton's method proposed by Fan et al. (Figure 1) [2].
Figure 1
Classification of C-shaped canal systems using a modified version of Melton's method. (A) category I (C1), (B) category II (C2), (C) category III (C3), and (D) category IV (C4).
Category I (C1): The shape was an uninterrupted “C” with no separation or division.
Category II (C2): The canal shape resembled a semicolon resulting from a discontinuation of the “C” outline, but either the α or β angle should be no less than 60°.
Category III (C3): Two or 3 separate canals and both angles, α and β, were less than 60°.
Category IV (C4): A single round or oval canal.
Category V (C5): No canal lumen could be observed.
C4 canals were not classified as C-shaped canals [2].
The data were expressed as numbers with percentages for categorical variables. The prevalence of C-shaped canals with respect to age, sex, and tooth position was evaluated. For comparisons, the data were assessed using the χ2 test or the Fisher's exact test according to the expected numbers in the corresponding cells. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
RESULTS
Thirty-nine of the C-shaped canals (18.1%) were classified as category I, 98 (45.6%) as category II, and 78 (36.3%) as category III (Table 1). Category IV (not classified as a C-shaped canal) morphology was observed in 9 (1.7%) of the mandibular second molars, and category V was not observed in this study (Table 2).
Table 1
Configurations of C-shaped canals
| Category | Male | Female | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Category I (C1) | 14 (22.2) | 25 (16.4) | 39 (18.1) |
| Category II (C2) | 30 (47.6) | 68 (44.7) | 98 (45.6) |
| Category III (C3) | 19 (30.2) | 59 (38.8) | 78 (36.3) |
Table 2
Number and frequency of root canals in mandibular second molars
Among the 540 mandibular second molars examined, the prevalence of C-shaped canals was 39.8% (Table 2). Of the C-shaped canals, 50.7% were found on the left side of the mandible, while 49.3% were on the right side (Table 3). However, the correlation between the presence of a C-shaped canal with tooth position was not significant (p > 0.05). Bilateral C-shaped canals occurred in 71.6% of cases (154 of 215 C-shaped canals), which was a statistically significant trend.
Table 3
Number and frequency of C-shaped canals by tooth position
| Tooth position | Male | Female | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Left | 28 (44.4) | 81 (53.3) | 109 (50.7) |
| Right | 35 (55.6) | 71 (46.7) | 106 (49.3) |
The distribution of C-shaped canals by age is shown in Table 4. No statistically significant difference was observed.
Table 4
Number and frequency of C-shaped canals by sex and age
Statistically significant differences were found in the distribution of C-shaped canals by sex. Female patients showed a prevalence of 47.8%, while males showed a prevalence of 28.4% (Table 2).
The most common canal configuration of mandibular second molars was 3 separate canals (53%) with 2 or 3 separate roots (2 mesial roots, 1 distal root) (Table 2).
DISCUSSION
Studies of mandibular second molars have demonstrated that C-shaped canals are more frequent in East Asian populations than in other ethnic groups [5,6,7,12,18,20,21,24,25,30]. Cooke and Cox [1] and Weine [4] reported that 2.7%, 7.6%, and 8.1% of mandibular second molars in Americans were identified as C-shaped, respectively [10]. In the literature, C-shaped canals were found in 8% of participants in Turkish studies [12,19], 10% in a Saudi Arabian study [17], 19.1% in a Lebanese study [14], 7.5% in an Indian study [23], 3% in a Sri Lankan study [22], 22.4% in a Burmese study [15], 10% in a Thai study [16], and 15.3% in a Brazilian study [10]. In the Chinese population, investigators have reported a high prevalence of C-shaped canals, ranging from 29% [6] to 41% [25]. The C-shaped canal was found to be most common in the Korean population, with a reported prevalence ranging from 31% [18] to 44.5% [20]. According to the results of this study, the prevalence of C-shaped canals was 39.8%, which is similar to the results of previous studies.
In this study, age and tooth position (left versus right) showed no correlation with the prevalence of C-shaped canals in the mandibular second molars. These data are consistent with the findings of previous reports [5,10,12,30].
Moreover, the prevalence of C-shaped canals was significantly higher in females than males, which is in accordance with the results of a recent study [30]. This result is in contrast to the findings of earlier investigators [5,10,12,20]. The discrepancies in these results may have been due to differences in the subjects and the sample size.
The C-shaped canals of this study were bilateral in 71% of the sample. Zheng et al. [5] reported that a bilateral distribution was present in 82% of their sample, and Kim et al. [30] reported a bilateral distribution of 81% among their participants. In contrast, Ladeira et al. [10] reported that bilateral C-shaped canals were less frequent (31.7%) in Brazilians. These data indicate that it is important for dentists to consider the possibility of a C-shaped canal in the opposite second molar if a patient has a C-shaped canal in a mandibular second molar.
The most common configuration types of the C-shaped canals were C2 (semicolon-shaped) canals (45.6%), which is similar to the results of the previous study by Seo and Park [18]. However, in other studies, the C1 (continuous C-shaped) canal type was the most common at the orifice level [5,12,30]. Different sample sizes and ethnic backgrounds of subjects might explain these inconsistencies.
CONCLUSIONS
There was a high prevalence of C-shaped canals in the mandibular second molars of the Korean population studied. CBCT is expected to be useful for endodontic diagnosis and treatment planning of mandibular second molars.
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Conflict of Interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
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Author Contributions:
Conceptualization: Kim HS.
Data curation: Oh S.
Investigation: Kim HS.
Methodology: Lee H, Han YS, Jung D.
Project administration: Kim HS, Sim HY.
Supervision: Kim HS.
Validation: Sim HY.
Visualization: Lee H.
Writing - original draft: Kim HS.
Writing - review & editing: Sim HY, Jung D, Lee H, Han YS, Oh S.
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XML DownloadC-shaped root canals of mandibular second molars in a Korean population: a CBCT analysis
Figure 1 Classification of C-shaped canal systems using a modified version of Melton's method. (A) category I (C1), (B) category II (C2), (C) category III (C3), and (D) category IV (C4).
Figure 1
C-shaped root canals of mandibular second molars in a Korean population: a CBCT analysis
Configurations of C-shaped canals
| Category | Male | Female | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Category I (C1) | 14 (22.2) | 25 (16.4) | 39 (18.1) |
| Category II (C2) | 30 (47.6) | 68 (44.7) | 98 (45.6) |
| Category III (C3) | 19 (30.2) | 59 (38.8) | 78 (36.3) |
Values are presented as number (%).
Number and frequency of root canals in mandibular second molars
| Root canal | Male | Female | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 canal | 0 (0.0) | 9 (2.8) | 9 (1.7) |
| 2 canals | 12 (5.4) | 6 (1.9) | 18 (3.3) |
| 3 canals | 144 (64.9) | 142 (44.7) | 286 (53.0) |
| 4 canals | 3 (1.4) | 9 (2.8) | 286 (53.0) |
| C-shaped canal | 63 (28.4) | 152 (47.8) | 215 (39.8) |
Number and frequency of C-shaped canals by tooth position
| Tooth position | Male | Female | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Left | 28 (44.4) | 81 (53.3) | 109 (50.7) |
| Right | 35 (55.6) | 71 (46.7) | 106 (49.3) |
Number and frequency of C-shaped canals by sex and age
| Age | Male | Female | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | C-canals | Number | C-canals | |
| 10s | 8 | 2 (25.0) | 40 | 21 (52.5) |
| 20s | 148 | 40 (27.0) | 182 | 86 (47.3) |
| 30s | 46 | 12 (26.1) | 72 | 34 (47.2) |
| 40s | 12 | 5 (41.7) | 20 | 10 (50.0) |
| 50s | 6 | 4 (66.7) | 4 | 1 (25.0) |
| 60s | 2 | 0 (0.0) | - | - |
| Total | 222 | 63 (28.4) | 318 | 152 (47.8) |
Table 1 Configurations of C-shaped canals
Values are presented as number (%).
Table 2 Number and frequency of root canals in mandibular second molars
Table 3 Number and frequency of C-shaped canals by tooth position
Table 4 Number and frequency of C-shaped canals by sex and age
