The effect of viscosity, specimen geometry and adhesion on the linear polymerization shrinkage measurement of light cured composites

In-Bog Lee; Ho-Hyun Son; Hyuk-Chun Kwon; Chung-Moon Um; Byeong-Hoon Cho

doi:10.5395/JKACD.2003.28.6.457

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Original Article The effect of viscosity, specimen geometry and adhesion on the linear polymerization shrinkage measurement of light cured composites: In-Bog Lee, Ho-Hyun Son, Hyuk-Chun Kwon, Chung-Moon Um, Byeong-Hoon Cho; 2003;28(6):-466.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2003.28.6.457
Published online: November 30, 2003

Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Korea.

Corresponding author (chobh@plaza.snu.ac.kr)

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of study was to investigate the effect of flow, specimen geometry and adhesion on the measurement of linear polymerization shrinkage of light cured composite resins using linear shrinkage measuring device.
Methods
Four commercially available composites - an anterior posterior hybrid composite Z100, a posterior packable composite P60 and two flowable composites, Filtek flow and Tetric flow - were studied. The linear polymerization shrinkage of composites was determined using 'bonded disc method' and 'non-bonded' free shrinkage method at varying C-factor in the range of 1~8 by changing specimen geometry. These measured linear shrinkage values were compared with free volumetric shrinkage values.

The viscosity and flow of composites were determined and compared by measuring the dropping speed of metal rod under constant load.
Results
In non-bonded method, the linear shrinkage approximated one third of true volumetric shrinkage by isotropic contraction. However, in bonded disc method, as the bonded surface increased the linear shrinkage increased up to volumetric shrinkage value by anisotropic contraction. The linear shrinkage value increased with increasing C-factor and approximated true volumetric shrinkage and reached plateau at about C-factor 5~6. The more flow the composite was, reduced linear shrinkage was measured by compensation radial flow.
Keywords: Anisotropy; Polymerization shrinkage; Bonded disc method; Flow; C-factor; Light cured composites

Fig. 1-a

The structure of instrument to measure linear shrinkage.

Fig. 1-b

The geometry of composite specimen sandwiched between two glass plates. Polymerization shrinkage creates axial (vertical) and radial (horizontal) contraction of the specimen.

Fig. 2

Linear polymerization shrinkage curves of composites as a function of time at C-factor ≈ 6.

Fig. 3

Linear polymerization shrinkage of composites measured using bonded disc method. The linear shrinkage value increased with increasing C-factor and approximated volumetric shrinkage and reached plateau at about C-factor 5~6.

a) Linear shrinkage of Z1 as a function of C-factor.

b) Linear shrinkage of P6 as a function of C-factor.

c) Liner shrinkage of FF as a function of C-factor.

d) Linear shrinkage of TF as a function of C-factor.

Fig. 4

Linear polymerization shrinkage of composites measured using non-bonded disc method with Vaseline. The linear shrinkage is not affected by specimen diameter and is approximated the theoretical linear shrinkage value calculated from true volumetric shrinkage value.

a) Linear shrinkage of Z1 as a function of specimen geometry.

b) Linear shrinkage of P6 as a function of specimen geometry.

c) Liner shrinkage of FF as a function of specimen geometry.

d) Linear shrinkage of TF as a function of specimen geometry.

Fig. 5

Peak time (peak shrinkage rate time) of Z1 as a function of C-factor.

Fig. 6

Relative viscosity of composites based on flow normalized to Z1.

Table 1

Materials used in this study

Table 2

Volumetric polymerization shrinkage and linear shrinkage of composite resins at varying C-factor

S.D. in parenthesis

N=5 in volumetric shrinkage measurement, however the number of samples varied in linear shrinkage measurement.

Table 3

Cure speed based on Peak Time (P.T.) of composites at varying C-factor

Table 4

Consistency (viscosity) based on the flow of composite resins

Relative flow is the flow value normalized to that of Z1 S.D. in parenthesis.

N=5

REFERENCES

1. Lai JH, Johnson AE. Measuring polymerization shrinkage of photo activated restorative materials by a water filled dilatometer. Dent Mater. 1993;9: 139-143.Article PubMed
2. Sakaguchi RL, Sasik CT, Bunczak MA, Douglas WH. Strain gauge method for measuring polymerization contraction of composite restoratives. J Dent. 1991;19: 312-316.Article PubMed
3. Penn RW. A recording dilatometer for measuring polymerization shrinkage. Dent Mater. 1986;2: 78-79.Article PubMed
4. Rees JS, Jacobsen PH. The polymerization shrinkage of composite resins. Dent Mater. 1989;5: 41-44.Article PubMed
5. Sakaguchi RL, Berghe HX. Reduced light energy density decreases post gel contraction while maintaining degree of conversion in composites. J Dent. 1998;26: 695-700.Article PubMed
6. Suh BI, Feng L, Wang Y, Cripe C, Cincione F, de Rjik W. The effect of the pulse delay cure technique on residual strain in composites. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 1999;20: 2 Suppl. 4-14.
7. Silikas N, Eliades G, Watts DC. Light intensity effects on resin composite degree of conversion, shrinkage strain. Dent Mater. 2000;16: 292-296.PubMed
8. Cook WD, Forrest M, Goodwin AA. A simple method for the measurement of polymerization shrinkage in dental composites. Dent Mater. 1999;15: 447-449.Article PubMed
9. Puckett AD, Smith R. Method to measure the polymerization shrinkage of light cured composites. J Prosthet Dent. 1992;68: 56-58.Article PubMed
10. de Gee AJ, Feilzer AJ, Davidson CL. True linear polymerization shrinkage of unfilled resins, composites determined with a linometer. Dent Mater. 1993;9: 11-14.PubMed
11. Venhoven BAM, de Gee AJ, Davidson CL. Polymerization contraction, conversion of light-curing BisGMA-based methacryate resins. Biomaterials. 1993;14(11):871-875.Article PubMed
12. Feilzer AJ, de Gee AJ, Davidson CL. Curing contraction of composites, glass ionomer cements. J Prosthet Dent. 1988;59: 297-300.PubMed
13. Fano V, Ortalli I, Pizzi S, Bonanini M. Polymerization shrinkage of microfilled composites determined by laser beam scanning. Biomaterials. 1997;18: 467-470.Article PubMed
14. Watts DC, Marouf AS. Optimal specimen geometry in bonded-disc shrinkage-strain measurements on light-cured biomaterials. Dent Mater. 2000;16: 447-451.PubMed
15. Watts DC, Cash AJ. Determination of polymerization shrinkage kinetics in visible-light-cured materials: methods development. Dent mater. 1991;7: 281-287.PubMed
16. Feilzer AJ, de Gee AJ, Davidson CL. Increased wall-to-wall curing contraction in thin bonded resin layers. J Dent Res. 1989;68: 48-50.Article PubMed PDF
17. Lee IB. A new method - Real time measurement of the initial dynamic volumetric shrinkage of composite resins during polymerization. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2001;26: 134-140.
18. Opdam NJM, Roeters JJM, Peters TCRB, et al. Consistency of resin composites for posterior use. Dent Mater. 1996;12: 350-354.Article PubMed
19. Bayne SC, Thompson JY, Swift EJ, et al. A characterization of first-generation flowable composites. JADA. 1998;129: 567-577.PubMed
20. Labella R, Lambrechts P, van Meerbeek B, Vanherle G. Polymerization shrinkage, elasticity of flowable composites, filled adhesives. Dent Mater. 1999;15: 128-137.PubMed
21. Lee IB, Son HH, Um CM. Rheologic properties of flowable, conventional hybrid, condensable composite resins. Dent Mater. 2003;19: 298-307.PubMed
22. Tyas MJ, Jones DW, Rizkalla AS. The evaluation of resin composite consistency. Dent Mater. 1998;14: 424-428.Article PubMed
23. Feilzer AJ, de Gee AJ, Davidson CL. Setting stress in composite resin in relation to configuration of the restoration. J Dent Res. 1987;66: 1636-1639.Article PubMed PDF
24. Watts DC, Al Hindi A. Intrinsic 'soft-start' polymerization shrinkage kinetics in a acrylate-based resin composite. Dent Mater. 1999;15: 39-45.PubMed
25. Barnes HA, Hutton JF, Walters K. An introduction to rheology. 1989;1st ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishing co.

Tables & Figures

Fig. 1-a

The structure of instrument to measure linear shrinkage.

Fig. 1-b

The geometry of composite specimen sandwiched between two glass plates. Polymerization shrinkage creates axial (vertical) and radial (horizontal) contraction of the specimen.

Fig. 2

Linear polymerization shrinkage curves of composites as a function of time at C-factor ≈ 6.

Fig. 3

a) Linear shrinkage of Z1 as a function of C-factor.

b) Linear shrinkage of P6 as a function of C-factor.

c) Liner shrinkage of FF as a function of C-factor.

d) Linear shrinkage of TF as a function of C-factor.

Fig. 4

a) Linear shrinkage of Z1 as a function of specimen geometry.

b) Linear shrinkage of P6 as a function of specimen geometry.

c) Liner shrinkage of FF as a function of specimen geometry.

d) Linear shrinkage of TF as a function of specimen geometry.

Fig. 5

Peak time (peak shrinkage rate time) of Z1 as a function of C-factor.

Fig. 6

Relative viscosity of composites based on flow normalized to Z1.

Table 1

Materials used in this study

Table 2

Volumetric polymerization shrinkage and linear shrinkage of composite resins at varying C-factor

S.D. in parenthesis

N=5 in volumetric shrinkage measurement, however the number of samples varied in linear shrinkage measurement.

Table 3

Cure speed based on Peak Time (P.T.) of composites at varying C-factor

Table 4

Consistency (viscosity) based on the flow of composite resins

Relative flow is the flow value normalized to that of Z1 S.D. in parenthesis.

N=5

REFERENCES

1. Lai JH, Johnson AE. Measuring polymerization shrinkage of photo activated restorative materials by a water filled dilatometer. Dent Mater. 1993;9: 139-143.Article PubMed
2. Sakaguchi RL, Sasik CT, Bunczak MA, Douglas WH. Strain gauge method for measuring polymerization contraction of composite restoratives. J Dent. 1991;19: 312-316.Article PubMed
3. Penn RW. A recording dilatometer for measuring polymerization shrinkage. Dent Mater. 1986;2: 78-79.Article PubMed
4. Rees JS, Jacobsen PH. The polymerization shrinkage of composite resins. Dent Mater. 1989;5: 41-44.Article PubMed
5. Sakaguchi RL, Berghe HX. Reduced light energy density decreases post gel contraction while maintaining degree of conversion in composites. J Dent. 1998;26: 695-700.Article PubMed
6. Suh BI, Feng L, Wang Y, Cripe C, Cincione F, de Rjik W. The effect of the pulse delay cure technique on residual strain in composites. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 1999;20: 2 Suppl. 4-14.
7. Silikas N, Eliades G, Watts DC. Light intensity effects on resin composite degree of conversion, shrinkage strain. Dent Mater. 2000;16: 292-296.PubMed
8. Cook WD, Forrest M, Goodwin AA. A simple method for the measurement of polymerization shrinkage in dental composites. Dent Mater. 1999;15: 447-449.Article PubMed
9. Puckett AD, Smith R. Method to measure the polymerization shrinkage of light cured composites. J Prosthet Dent. 1992;68: 56-58.Article PubMed
10. de Gee AJ, Feilzer AJ, Davidson CL. True linear polymerization shrinkage of unfilled resins, composites determined with a linometer. Dent Mater. 1993;9: 11-14.PubMed
11. Venhoven BAM, de Gee AJ, Davidson CL. Polymerization contraction, conversion of light-curing BisGMA-based methacryate resins. Biomaterials. 1993;14(11):871-875.Article PubMed
12. Feilzer AJ, de Gee AJ, Davidson CL. Curing contraction of composites, glass ionomer cements. J Prosthet Dent. 1988;59: 297-300.PubMed
13. Fano V, Ortalli I, Pizzi S, Bonanini M. Polymerization shrinkage of microfilled composites determined by laser beam scanning. Biomaterials. 1997;18: 467-470.Article PubMed
14. Watts DC, Marouf AS. Optimal specimen geometry in bonded-disc shrinkage-strain measurements on light-cured biomaterials. Dent Mater. 2000;16: 447-451.PubMed
15. Watts DC, Cash AJ. Determination of polymerization shrinkage kinetics in visible-light-cured materials: methods development. Dent mater. 1991;7: 281-287.PubMed
16. Feilzer AJ, de Gee AJ, Davidson CL. Increased wall-to-wall curing contraction in thin bonded resin layers. J Dent Res. 1989;68: 48-50.Article PubMed PDF
17. Lee IB. A new method - Real time measurement of the initial dynamic volumetric shrinkage of composite resins during polymerization. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2001;26: 134-140.
18. Opdam NJM, Roeters JJM, Peters TCRB, et al. Consistency of resin composites for posterior use. Dent Mater. 1996;12: 350-354.Article PubMed
19. Bayne SC, Thompson JY, Swift EJ, et al. A characterization of first-generation flowable composites. JADA. 1998;129: 567-577.PubMed
20. Labella R, Lambrechts P, van Meerbeek B, Vanherle G. Polymerization shrinkage, elasticity of flowable composites, filled adhesives. Dent Mater. 1999;15: 128-137.PubMed
21. Lee IB, Son HH, Um CM. Rheologic properties of flowable, conventional hybrid, condensable composite resins. Dent Mater. 2003;19: 298-307.PubMed
22. Tyas MJ, Jones DW, Rizkalla AS. The evaluation of resin composite consistency. Dent Mater. 1998;14: 424-428.Article PubMed
23. Feilzer AJ, de Gee AJ, Davidson CL. Setting stress in composite resin in relation to configuration of the restoration. J Dent Res. 1987;66: 1636-1639.Article PubMed PDF
24. Watts DC, Al Hindi A. Intrinsic 'soft-start' polymerization shrinkage kinetics in a acrylate-based resin composite. Dent Mater. 1999;15: 39-45.PubMed
25. Barnes HA, Hutton JF, Walters K. An introduction to rheology. 1989;1st ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishing co.

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Influence of cavity size and restoration methods on the cusp deflection in composite restoration
Mi-Ra Lee, In-Bog Lee, Chang-In Seok, Sang-Tag Lee, Chung-Moon Um
Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.2004; 29(6): 532. CrossRef

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The effect of viscosity, specimen geometry and adhesion on the linear polymerization shrinkage measurement of light cured composites

J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2003;28(6):457-466. Published online November 30, 2003

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2003.28.6.457

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Figure

The effect of viscosity, specimen geometry and adhesion on the linear polymerization shrinkage measurement of light cured composites

Fig. 1-a The structure of instrument to measure linear shrinkage.

Fig. 1-b The geometry of composite specimen sandwiched between two glass plates. Polymerization shrinkage creates axial (vertical) and radial (horizontal) contraction of the specimen.

Fig. 2 Linear polymerization shrinkage curves of composites as a function of time at C-factor ≈ 6.

Fig. 3 Linear polymerization shrinkage of composites measured using bonded disc method. The linear shrinkage value increased with increasing C-factor and approximated volumetric shrinkage and reached plateau at about C-factor 5~6. a) Linear shrinkage of Z1 as a function of C-factor. b) Linear shrinkage of P6 as a function of C-factor. c) Liner shrinkage of FF as a function of C-factor. d) Linear shrinkage of TF as a function of C-factor.

Fig. 4 Linear polymerization shrinkage of composites measured using non-bonded disc method with Vaseline. The linear shrinkage is not affected by specimen diameter and is approximated the theoretical linear shrinkage value calculated from true volumetric shrinkage value. a) Linear shrinkage of Z1 as a function of specimen geometry. b) Linear shrinkage of P6 as a function of specimen geometry. c) Liner shrinkage of FF as a function of specimen geometry. d) Linear shrinkage of TF as a function of specimen geometry.

Fig. 5 Peak time (peak shrinkage rate time) of Z1 as a function of C-factor.

Fig. 6 Relative viscosity of composites based on flow normalized to Z1.

Fig. 1-a

Fig. 1-b

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

The effect of viscosity, specimen geometry and adhesion on the linear polymerization shrinkage measurement of light cured composites

Table 1

Materials used in this study

Table 2

Volumetric polymerization shrinkage and linear shrinkage of composite resins at varying C-factor

S.D. in parenthesis

N=5 in volumetric shrinkage measurement, however the number of samples varied in linear shrinkage measurement.

Table 3

Cure speed based on Peak Time (P.T.) of composites at varying C-factor

Table 4

Consistency (viscosity) based on the flow of composite resins

Relative flow is the flow value normalized to that of Z1 S.D. in parenthesis.

N=5

Table 1 Materials used in this study

Table 2 Volumetric polymerization shrinkage and linear shrinkage of composite resins at varying C-factor

S.D. in parenthesis

N=5 in volumetric shrinkage measurement, however the number of samples varied in linear shrinkage measurement.

Table 3 Cure speed based on Peak Time (P.T.) of composites at varying C-factor

Table 4 Consistency (viscosity) based on the flow of composite resins

Relative flow is the flow value normalized to that of Z1 S.D. in parenthesis.

N=5