Skip Navigation
Skip to contents

Restor Dent Endod : Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics

Search
Advanced Search
OPEN ACCESS
mobile search button mobile menu button

Articles

Page Path
HOME > Restor Dent Endod > Volume 40(4); 2015 > Article
Research Article The effect of different drinks on the color stability of different restorative materials after one month
Neslihan Tekçe1, Safa Tuncer2, Mustafa Demirci2, Merve Efe Serim1, Canan Baydemir3
2015;40(4):-261.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2015.40.4.255
Published online: August 7, 2015

1Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Kocaeli, Kocaeli, Turkey.

2Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.

3Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Kocaeli, Kocaeli, Turkey.JFIFddDuckydqhttp://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/ Adobed     ! 1AQa"q 2#w8B36v7XRr$9bCt%u&Ws'(xy4T5fH  !1AQaq"2B Rbr#u67Ѳ3sTt5v8Sc$4ĂCÔ%UӅFV ?_Aנj- H>>,m*>fzp"TrKkr^r.|_&]|*vPuܶvoQ1mwVJUhu-I"=LniAƕ8"۲ k*ҿ[yu:.vUQ+)%F DHyVBk>Hy8jݹ q~9D4KRmzQ)^ʔ.J%k_tVi5NTjg!'ky|5asOȻ)R۸ߩFMԿ3L4j6dڜ#NIwUF]JqB/(FafJRzq3\G՛ ?~\ 6)6W4m[O^L0E&rRMض*C .]Unl-1 1r#Rj/&QɈ׉˩s6Rj=5Tg.y.·Pӡ:JJS:C8-2u]d&vUz;7p9 5VnL֢"y)">iי(IDDd| Yj0; LRfS:ktYK%*N2^m|&dğth":ey)uPQZW)gcC3Pv&MMWd&Ŵ۲mvTRoժM03*F3Yd6\8,\hݻ kߔi<k NTwSԪmljj[>->ptU%'LR>&EBH$MQAUx[$Z6vi&_a.KIQ{hyƒ j"JOC9eFҝfj;˚Ω<[3_m% lQ@4g=5$(J]Yc-OMq<Ǎ wSzڗ)k$7VIP붾ͯnV+卵*t]iЎD31~SA1éC2u)ʼnQn-Uoi3:grI8ؓWm*G zܕ)ZקJ}Y YlGeJ6cB2I NS3Q>k=KTBT]W6+SOXQgGR? telˊ%-Re\hѯ2TF"C/OJΩ6r[N.0{SpljjX1“jOsӥ;ҭhe}xu`Ք&.)yO̒ Fߑ.$Qw;9Iw2o+RVJMSOj[SoҌZ%;`d$blQ{Ro{Imڌ>3egf\O֝Uzx"䢸g+mv%Gʆ:|V[N'&ס-ޝ'kfE|K,G&˳98Juin/\\Qݿ̋v~Ǩ!rtWU d|E߫R4d}.qPw*Ӭv5YEcn~f5c%MTMkb-F>5JT,})QHg%{("ӔȸWMsYyWNRrkkJr0XドnͫT}r-jj,Ŕʍ\Q2Ri>v$5!]"JB2WɅ)]VԜUc8i|.jeRO6^V.¸ Q&#|ܶ-*uOG%JAtRZRr]FFG\۩w+?'zչSѧt jz>KW&ot{7P&2D;&\\>Q2JzܗAKSfeNn[jRrԕf6,q,F1tRfԗ>vֶևj-&R'Zi2=xv~Elbsvm8=ӛ"ū񕜈BȩlWau[]ٷBߨF~J!|Ipr3R̴#Yp)={7:G{+:\W}n|Q#%)7^-h"Ƒq:M*%J&$T軨I333׎g_- ucBwwjp[6i25$̏bU’ٱRv?G\~#Iͪb7<<}Ezt" q_Inw,7-d,G÷%T* Wg1"䥱kq/A.,_KhqŒxwvo u2ۥۧ.bQ}XκA$֣ +K״ZUNmڸII{.v{5z5ѮRme[moyƾd~cRݾK'j.\i&/S6f|b=5: p!6i_ 4j6=.si˧eƾtS^c.Y^RJVS-Vi3,esi08?H$GvZgg?gi䤟2adw릿:"۪lkSN>q-4kI܋ێe̊qۅgDoѨ9; #T.Q;7#~_Ufstb_'w~Xw1Xk,vcOt._}v}8"(4Z\ۘgk?J?bm_c!g{HZV]Fkk%~gEt)b秴vΰB|꽸}mp~E6ݹv;7P٤v+ri*3Ԣ|'O14_~7nP{7ZU\Vű[ +7󖱅o#:ǥŬ\|3r%TJX]V7ez¨Y]lc|O3V! R zbJ'PnGqVJ"19WVeOF埜EaEJωqCN5Z g-9[S<$sUK5b|7sn\7x qmv##FF\ w[=-43$^ooVSiXօv7iB۴yg>]Vf"r$J3""32!Zh[K%7GvNLs+4nB/B{vlsobJaҺJR:0g%&zR\ S3T[&ִor*ⷳc3ʊO[iozW٨%$gn:ܶWwFBԹjHP&z u&F2\f;ipW73 [; '_̽b;vib!oec dC-tS__$Xs]l9&z$2/N>%'[}b{h/{`{Ji׉׏ YJB/X%}.|+{(S:qz]4_Kѵo`^tY_4S#* ^zvݾMr+TrkQ g.8Ͽ^i>ӈǙvix>$o( ^qt*&t1oJVu-ql5U6jCЉmĻ*"?JT=K'O/|=Vo}l0b}}f?X[?/\JSBe,kP8ETJ==?.p5ފgbU9}ǶdNKk—_$8̸͓ۍ8Di\BԿ-1v{FF]|.^ۅ{vl12׏z7-R7wE?\nh\jN/Kձr_oBw"N QMBZqe-m:ӨSn6j4%!hQ;sv'm4kcM=!8\m[M4{SMliۇ%eֽR&N:{2A8)THLK3Zj[jPBx#BگMf:G1\`edcʮ?|w(-̮vXt,bW2;.ιNHRR#YwTM"<;mk\.foIDjmlJ;vxy7o7i\,KQŊ9d^Mmgc L*.T6tLeIuOH3SJQ3=F/ʿ<9\JM6mN6=<{xkP!F1QR[I$6ُimXu2An2yԒMU q f[IB-'䤯jYm52&JG\zд\~vdg QtHGXw&1Lw+nDEdC1w|YJmvP)HZ>i0BPβә?R:QO["]I_Jʏۍ>QKyu^bycBq4lXF~l [\*N>-J6,Gq(Zr5h]CwYӤU~ʶߑ u*SIv%ZfJ7)! FS*s_\|IŸZ)J ]ܜi4"z[+Z,MOZ))}|Ʀ(RUNIII.S'ˍO~˨rn}M)xxӕ0 eyҵ7YMAB]ӣU:/ѭ*6bcwP͵ "+qēVjŹO|GtY4V j[mLV M -m>",B$ GD1~j6O4|LxnNmqATNR3ε|DŽa[fmn-ڭ+FiK7Pcm;r5 l8r{#-]'nrFh2ruycb;pW=njRqRJ(d mnpckNnʹ+6]tz~E=ʕ l ZZ5jSi3#47.Lcfe`9؏v囜.F\-UZ:*0_<Νu9Lӵm&)_3\^ҹ3"1n1v_|uRʞͫr'iȧN_kH׺8xXrj=\МH)V\ˬ.Xʸ oVRC}ySU9/OBY먌5 ٿwޞ)rw8Ӫi5*5ZΗcGƱ !ZۄlmpjJ -l <R̵/JAպZuq\IdUS 48wXJJtcg4cI~aqߓwŷrm-v)G7yS^7H^-\mŌAq|"m9IBnF㏉9[N+mmy/!KKۉ%n +BdddfFF6FQRN-U5;Sv'm4kcM=Mn)\qιqUd9F%",6MGdT%-+~ f%+y֛^3SrF>6lc(֪vۊN;g._0Sѧ]ETWرkQKzGe9ʨsKA"yC y2\[5 rԭ7Gk5Mzw_4sM3hxЊ'oÍ5jsub )ͪ~tR2H]R͍>̋m6=%(˿(Wrr-܅y5(ܔJ޺YunW̹븹NsqK ]/QR#"ZMDfD|43Qw|._ԡSqTZBg??O Ϥ)/E_U|i}2 9Z?¹0:x'3,whǣ?C y-A~=daJј&M?D1_PS+Oi&;a @;Dž7[ zZC"bv:jjMQk$M RԸ3uA\=wI.AwC"^.{?-\NSiˏ"b}T/}q/ o.1M}R%:-ZniʒL$SgrBW*,Mw'N\ɇ{s\j]VryG'8f`}'N<*/`U숻z CwHq18J+vԕKss4R53/&XTt1bZƟo\=%nO)h$rBi-nKĪ^ ջڜlwkYm[̑+/QrZo%TQ;TLs($2C:s.%+eoNttq۰kK7O0m_t_pZ1SsSM7"mevFZ[w -FJ*T*jФQRg BSu|]g:ɵzjqwmltL.e3sRMچkSmjkmWœިm++¦'tILk*բQ D,PB\lI[9{%Gb R6öۍmX-MaʉA931cs..G4CujQտ[9 }G-xwl)IQz j Ó"rqe&=]꾧֎c)<kӳ+0JrRR3'TnXi^xMF Bު*tIL.[h"2"nKzZe'ZV/RrNYz]8죝n]Ķܩ>^Ժ]u-7^\mZjܣ9+Rmn ߑv?oꋘ?&ƪy^N4o=3-ؔ̿*`}V݁ ƒPu8%$ ݗ]wt;\y\>='OjPIp/nJU8{϶FNMsf"ίNqƹ(+ ݮF2Km |jܴZs%zf*eȫ?]4)I۵nR&FX + [jDh(#哑9q9Eծj8noǕZf\J-l&Z˫}`ӎhyrΉn\űn]9pʌӣ"׮Wt?N4_I_~54#/my1Xr*척aS#DT >q ssΛW;3oUaJSRMDgQnt:Ql,/ ܷfRqiM Ȼ>Cob;A>ڦWقM9X~/!'MW.}Vrߔꔵ!5|iB(0-zF=}okڢE$^wW~nokY߮\6՜̌{i-AF*9)\t9IV6۸5ZUF6R$ŨQIq砳YUZ]eyv >hI櫥N )&l JulwE1GDOuFN2| }馥uC1rޫV+^gdb&W[4<^e4YW,d|htͮsUM)۸8:{3d{AѢ)~ \#J=NdƮꮓ90 |1K$v*?мS ]i$J,C,SG?/_՜pMSƯM|mG1V1$~K>CSvkuj=&) -,yLjuFHK{c駗.SOua;BrSqj-ۍZ#'Jys7[g2z/.u4+XV2VQ.ޕ)$"(%)#Z7suZ%j }BǬݕe)Jvz8zJf:hIN|svO1O#IEcۍjݽ:SdὮvu^@:o^5cs>i/VqmVm]ؔܢn6'vޑ̗J4Wn@OlKbX ;n:hgJ9ŻyǑz8f܌q&Y fN0N;[69 rbׅC2/#kE l&2~èMR.*%g=Ft.%؝e8<.e=Uv{~㻏"EˑnvDѭ͜Lu3u0:U֝$[M5<:oi+V4V9 6nXvx&_ q Qqw3W:uϔ2yb/(ɳ|5zQiJ#r|Hw#.W?4aDŲ\ugWG;Cw鐢K|xg)##=O.dF˟jMUvWĻsr.z]kPc9"]R)mkfOd*uYf١RsB Aîh=k]ʳUrrZsq`d#r$/Ը3o^&lRWȍyuW̦Y4QDUMJ65ƒ[+ygk XK_±k#y:8(TJOSQhJt2.DR}"5[) r)6V6u5k:eXZmv𭤔!푊Q[qQ}ҹLE- 8qIZG|UM4j}Mܕ[Vwm{} Naqµ"ԈM zOpKѰ?IAD3Ir0'/q1itoB5{%wkOBn-ۜduqIzYK60{+DʕܞqIt";r1mG/\/ym[6JƫR \L=S=OT@Ix[TMm{>ݾտ֒ݸӉLYIx>+"JVNzx||5rI?C{oz8۹e\R-^\A2F R+N9 vlT]"ۭ d)t֞i #E2jB@׵=#/N+!ĕhx}I!cM`ąZ*ŻɄҒ߮Y.Z}='/oۙ3IpW̮hT7cTSuz9>B}΄&h!>lӵn~j˅IvU.'v'CSZw8QK3G> ,J59ٷ+HSg䧎hJdzvwv-cvxS5[̊n~ؿ%ַX?O0\6ne 6kn9.ϯ} *h 8_QhLݣ7q +=XBҲ5?[[)+F`=4 }B,sNg==u*Nj9k_GJ)+R~GSPBȒZ:(K]heL=vKPӢwq(NrG^ثϣ?#tC?.ͼ[ۅo؞y#%ǛjVyLSw%T*s92JTM%"YkQО.q)gCͲn8cgi6j1MѾ[{9h^vƘǚםidfi.^RHmg&rׇz:}݃}xT$ضk'5s-狶,\vpbPD،=Okf.c#cdz2FK5T!&)|ntD<+OŹU i-G[EE*FDfeaf2QƤM\UG_{ǹm%\yrGy:.\4wjPGUJޕUV7Do\7Vy_13w;[?c]H\$IJ,*L]3b%L{y.JRKG2sq,B6T}(#nW|km+q5] r㪍bJ@y{byz,b踊3ϻJ,'^xd،)JVw#.Vټc''ÝպWtbRؒJz۠8!o9IۄS95E9ؔ-e9JR{dmnｯ<[~n${~Њ$W?&ՐY_? #a.ߑv?oꋘ?&ơ|y^N4o=3t=~7!/M3>n8W홎2M`Qx+ z qy8%]7_~540ۦ彷]Wq CѡwkďyF5Dum_}~P(5.(X,K9vᯐ?leB9;Jhm#3{CxGE-S{;@Fz˙]=O'!ɿ]' r`:7'2bЖ>Iy,/eTy/V<.H?UYY{\^#ѣr9^7?xoRȆ7EoS_&??zϾM?(~Q-K&>"~aߨ t7Emsϛ+?;fCr)fY+>z$tIkjn_>vnrֳki-˹l= t;'EyC¥|/BLwBJdgjۛ$s S1|ɍV%JI6KvəhzIlBYɒ|0"Sy0F>eo5W)O+X˻u';v)2vVq۳kۮws?UʑBǴYO漪e2MIjPAک\b1)DDؚKm6ZWΨgȕ۶yjڳ 2ضN[C[|r@9Jfo<_eI7q.|cÊV߷:i.:$ȋ)1%%)ADZCEBxJ0MJۥy(bNsKM9k43IwNt.\%N簤I'.j|ƃ2$grBEٌ\}9:v*!n7M(ɽ]7c@XxƱԨ37īf62cTTfFK]9wntQHͮvٱI/f|j=7}\_V5U^+:uljSȃY(XI.ȱmo1甅jڎIZ2>#\*:gY|4k\8ZwSqtyA!+];бޞKծË¥e)#5ap.QK^8VdU{*ѽL\=qmjnB5>{ Ӟ`v±5 ^k&O~Oshɷ,;6nOW>u6{RqS`)S%jp\ipdEBLfTWy$GIYw~䲭J.1vSY5z.V>^+Ǎvc.I[R{QsNR3ӎfhd>y?UJ*}~[e\i5U^͛E]G_FS(Iɿ]i8:4zj~շsW,ˆsy:%O}iur]iF5~3M:Ӟ#N06)4ߧgdawIotiz:1r5YDZLHBSi;NQc44la=Y kQIT*ըl:tq2(է9VO4뒳܂~2rq'nrVZŦ[t7\oլfb/mlpc.I8콚q^1iE~䰳mi[dۧw֤ICfdFeCsg:i| 6擣׋* 96lust^{%99UNRvaMܽo ammi$em4D6DD\nA%$$#}۷/ݕr99JMն[oT޲E"KTaP+HGkŴj5TM5xƱOS-k`ۛkٝWz;{kS}F;~q|~^_|euwnE'pSupUP)V]vE+t =ZRaVdG6= *.ϼnj9:UɷbېmF_tޫgHjVS'śǕًdkkѻ_]Kv?nT>)^e=Ar1'3ԔILyD?:-^in):{7.؂\.:V }#뺾.3r̸*xbFM aȵz 6SQ:ײj[ 8nn iFMw rR"5M5I旘35f^j='j:nNW.ʭocZvZKV^ɚJ.cM1ZI7E'6rg탸5oZ=[m Z`\hbMUR١Ȗĉ):Jin!_7Dй+f̷eKҷvͨBPR(V`y6tw*MRΝcB.ڭTnc;P$8nFvm4(D(R#R-L -2:FP lxZKQc6I("Km%$E, 78uXIFA$RQI$JbInG]c[ֹ:ZM+n^')JmJMJRu{e)7jQDw~%yQl}BZujSSf۩QZ+Dzhd5o%BIc'GZ?}΍:>Ɵivז-%݌J5MqGWTVʦh݇ܟ~Օ_6 n'{3~mϬj'J11OȻn߃r Qr\3y٘+WӍ'WxEs^O3 o~[|7>]]H9݇ZomT@]?5B:Z߂'`V_+/MSKX߆ޠk3?o7y:4R/7þ] iG߬aBRU&?r&/} cQߥGj2?C5Yśe7hU=?+ x龳f-܈czW^7p%-(\D4h{UK&ӡn^m]Fݢ:`δvj俜F+) y[{{ 7 tu>gvrěOj'5 iRg[ͶFjGe n~qT$ci ۚ0oԹc*jL[sVWqj\ݻ&6"WoK:cnWmrv)o>66(F>=W^bf#c zzʞtپy%mՉPël e}J.\Zk4ttt>oEM=q)hJjI=ͥ(%]脼_88ф;͛gWG;Cw~˘$4=uWdĜTثNDkiQL9U*O"4XP`02,Ge-k5$h>ܼ]3vr6!9RQPIVSnM(ۓ{>;/Qͱv{3&-[rc)ܚI$n{Sv3[j00)-D3z}MRzVQпj,T[uVs0\}Sid;r(ݝJ>æʺL&c[jPK0~d(FKÝW\m]GTcF|Iׁ)I3~#oX%vҦEݑؼ5Żv2qAZTE^..M{ʐfȏ2##.R}*KʛZz^ӞN*lPťLf\G6[WVQquV]XAi)5J!,$iJ6o$tPZc;Kjx_n3`qIelV~vLy{fn匋Ѿn%;zV.n'-ұdd2߽1bZksPe3TI9)$ԩIN9Vơ\=2885N\ p)/a柛w9g_lױo8ݷ iixJV& ғRi{N^_oAŮE6Y7I$Nk$|Q)-*4Z)^¸%4Qm [I%.c-OV+C֧R#%ѨCe3i;w$G+_dy| Fzj$DI(=OA gj%v/]8qԯNIS*֩',Q%\44ZZ%D|Ǧʴ6&vֵI$%8(ԬƾS&#Z. }6z?b/|Jl{ץv&mpx4Z$”ڝ4-H%dGKfM:sKSRWeJAn]>s6应-W9'H]'uȫYvgK^\czp|My\鏩w/ËQ.)]\QiS`8uL뚛̸=J"ܻi\å'-)54Ue]:K\퓡vK xwBqrH\*֕TnzC.mT=t-H]SČ~Nu╏NÅ3f|͡G~B+Xm[Q7U{9"~jgK Zoʰ7"qJ,ekSeNGgϳ] ^.6:s}_,%eRg<5⿨z{ZPun#jRІ.6g T.!]xa c#jN$Zpl̋H WZu8WmMRýsĮ?Mco~sx TU҆Q :KDG4n42.<3/'^?6/ܠڒ^yrrÿr2\D}}B]^E~^T cɛ7϶Y[<֞[7d}2%QPqOLEQR\CIsj1?\}%tJ0e~ *sk"*)&ۓEi#{1J8Hrt|'ܝRr8)=ƔN'RVz:cf]F7bZyZUȘ4x8,#JG̒?.W9XnO]KO]%]ƻ O5Γ/3qÓj؍/r̺rƵ 5\&m6h.xoeX[=<3%< lZ"2h\Z[&jW3ejm?k&[]ųj+{N{66leu_+lj]q* 7g*knأYv= q ەdxЬZ|%GUrQ3jLŒqET]1% qkXYūYc[7Ś]QY\jko\</Lc7+'hMSUc6qXyؙ~6#ѯv.0$BQi5YyIhɍiy=KD!n3Vm[V%W-B%swa97ajۗ m+9~]fKq|Ddaˑ0A]_v޺mM5* F-BYHJ5}q>ʉ.6hyDmpD׬'-_v5;5[8K[viJ.3dR:oYHHh9I7:۽fi+wm^ [)odPѱ52CZUJicSw\&_s0uBȍh32džzQflcd^m|7GѹE!fO5]]H9݇ZomT@]?5B:Z߂'`V_+/MSKX߆ޠk3?o7y:4R/7þ] iG߬aBRU&?r&/} cQߥGj2?C5Yśe7hU=?+ x龳f-܈czW^7p%5|Y:SJE\U-(a_cƣUǽXXKiȞNlmۊڭڄR!**ܤMeȽ$|X5(Ź\rJ~ܮ]>'HB0cp XFr_c?f?7<ukSgov¥iG>>䙗i.+t+bOjIܶ . i^:nm}s}(3>NZ$2Qg([".>i.ƾ)B̋M8+"- >eE6DݥJnJˣt׻ 5.˅nJGwZD~!i۶a,Db3ZQ3O#KO5/֍ozuK'GbRi᝘NV_ҝcvם ZoX}F6z 7e5_e:ۓj=AB+iܔERadMBq*ԯ DwI/Gy*mĥiRKg6skY/#SN4e$-yXM YL?^ĸNNӪ{$r1JJRSLO]Aqm>V/s[~i/j+m>z}eI"Qvp]{ZԼ:{vPAG2=T͡@ڐ#u"E*>C;o$~C#_d/HBq^YRٽzIKbOm\~żjFFGdiQ(*/i*#.FF]©m=BmpQQQSP&Ҫ!T&^>:y)$ˑÐFčI Bӡ-t!bM WҦŶ'UZ=}zvn~oT/\ǒ'nr8 AJIӆz<^uߖ4eFC1i+v!3qNyߕni?4JZlmYFXFۼO0B\m[ tʄU3s"Sr(NJ;SKW72L4̏BVdf^Ҹj\]ȱ۪(ӷm?J-KEmWڽ^4<8qu%9pŹW~877ܾeVгS(յe^C]yX͹! םm4FGȋ\y'Z FX7e)|Gjt߹#gb\ŧq_([R8[qU$Z (ʻezV2V!iQ,i$JE˂٩ a(GK'O{vnBvryRd-RK4=qxZJMl_CuuIz @Rt㮽޳!|68\-l[џ84-2Pu" RJ_^OL>G1~XnBŬw6J0*Uvlږ1N G1q9IUm*'oWu][&UyYZbBZRZNfEJf"+2nF~Eû7n1xv.RUM$6 lAxSQJ&n5ܞwlEói"#>4׿Q.nEq7Oko[1wg8ZQwZYiqtm&~">Bo?w͡ni2峋NCEy Ҕ+%ZJ ʩq*fpˤl,~^Mχk1+:ݕ z&Y`KLӪУDr3[*Z :(SL&ݻ۬Vqsyԭs x|iI߽zZrg.:mp%6ԜvgmpIUt;QbS.Է) ǨKSV,*lڌ|5Jt3#NP.=+OZ~/G سIgbꥹJnl_DUM\iM!֔wVZuԺ,yV.Q>f v:݇WiaŸN5Ҕ[M7SsrvǣrMW= \8ZW-jsnڕ.ZnF2qt ً[ٻޘY۷Zm"Jxr&NAfA-݌to9s359݆mZ+N1-qS$D=17 x׵+%_ ve4ir6Z$FDڗnFtOr'7'{9C˨ꤡaYoace{Refnft RR"4%ʌm:Sj3)OdInTO>X'vxV#jܮw9Fog;5.~Y5\~18YQܹvj4+~t7S ﬕs %^۵ڴDZV69R^Y+rj$ԇoJKR5wB9C>Y:l+EǎS{ʲ{T6Wi* ^^9k/y/Cs\g*qڵgn4T8mERr|Ti+iPe;;.i\EBEJ 丬i9ɧM-ԼsGDrZ>r#R>~X9y4b棇9JwV۔%m(b[Tjvl}۩~nDԺ{Zo-YuK1vx.nWuO+jN [ٮ0%"΢CdTJK-RަH"$I(*ve &҉FzB,_Vpqp9m8werv')E;o&QE׵^d9˦j\_,ڵugZȻ̧8k+jK{wmr@3ӭ2 wFkzFVqs1؛.v'I%$[iT]D5Dl2 nk7qUxԫLS+sا3/ΖeZYK<["%-g/kRs:f3;*E ت wJ%)5&+&rw*霣i|sMҴ|;R+fm䡩.!**dӶ-6s6,]zAXMWjmnz%SJߴm2UXw7MQ%<!tKys#P,W>s;3IYwx<+i_\\\U6 u7P|xbn_k&ӓVOe䦒 VUr,-㘘"-LZeOSҠթrEvq8Kf%5%&K"#%vD/.ZYYŏ+p$nZkvއuW9㓱Z G wYIFyf)?ƎUm5ԉ/'k84{KO:rQI}XRuԪ|*lu)3qZ[mSm5R3".Xcَ5c®ࢫI*۳~wRϿQWޝ(EJrri&ۥ^ʶ齲Im|[yb;mnm֩uiܘq>E+Ikx߄3r33-5𹻖09ϖ9[Tz~mr5NsWl$oPusޛ^{Z;);sڹf\3oٹZmԉ/'k84{NO:rQIBø8Bݱ3n֤DiK4u& ofSȒܩx<˘|N0Fչ]qsp"}! QWw@t4ӭ+cO5%]'*{eM߲DRO1y*q8w++e!c߶ܪlZWّM欼 CQ̼빶lX{vib/V/ ai;x6~]+z]MWB>re-:lgk}պ!#9?%܋V-c[z!W?c7YNm/jRr[HOzԻefճ0q15Zp#rkQQ0tU-AmڵP/cȕ?0cZYj;:0ZM=D6g ?'UN+ձ[K ܖB2'xq9{|۫N0ku 7xaj;n\ 2[VznMlWiKbSk))f..)Km)&bGZ=>OR܍W:j'rM'wYz&/鶧{Sʵb"vջq[I-ՌZH._x*BagC'T(Q:$ͳQcMCKy?3g'ߝqnT);qs #ؤZ}OOI:cfnc8W~qy.;^pVl]Hԓ>^H^@7-AA܃nmL(uWܻS߿ Td95Bdh4t6*dDh!EhI[iŨ\L.&Nc ܮf^;$R)\rip9I|ٺ?#R.ZDZ;/]nݻqs\QE9M&Bd ]N mN*D>tgbK>+ˏ.!23]BȔR1ɝ^j'k2ƮqBQq[$di]icV/e`޵B.FIIJqbi>Ӥ|p; 6${)RU>_e}^dzdfzi %ekRVUS?6'hׂ)5.\+qUgzE2C˷ecŏ^֔ibk shesFWJ#~> Wk~ݨ}ڶ>ơǚ)׽ZƉo~B-ڼrvoE:Ʃ3ۣK7+Y`WirS):{>ڛ}:wԨ(J_";6R%[u&ƫdZ_\'np| RJwNeTW,=rrbnkڄ[M3ܴz)3- R.?:okۼ0TU'w{6&w7j1z3ON'fGoO?)S_bQ_¿R(^ԴԴG.EtMڇ&RUiW uQjU> Kiu1d<ѥIQ'RQ1:O/lŗᏩiʂv&Jc{D5 Tt)1.n[n۶X}RjqnOʽ(~[Ns{ސ⛌uO,kgo֢dRNQȄ .'6W!׌P朼tdZjFGE"]K@'i۪N;sI[{SOzk>`rRR+!σj8&TjlvA̷Q?HyjyLHNտJMjܶT۽lG?SnKN%<‘ nq[N0Sq[Ta(&t(|HGO~gvkݻTR4&Z$#ViOY1r$6YF?e4U/Mvxų:zbU^gQQ+NW_'4jfz^c'#`rvrڡ(IJ/J ݦ6 ]-CW |_{v*_q3^DZ}Ic6Uڌ8p7{crZq5ki`)mU6|-Z5^iEz3P=:Cu7DF'k%}<C-޹ֲ̱#\,(f88%X-N(ck0VLR~} G"-8ӏ/ϰKq?(#nrVTmZ;zióM4 m |UT'C^_1X.gXM{%ʤd 4\ovN":"y-,T)fLQgۢr=/CƹǨJVr[a+!rT|%Y\ٱzsS>jͱ.oOc6f$q% ǒGo;n[];ߎjrk{~\VۓNIGn:iqxo |~t5)Rxעri{Vi&NUOl_ѮMfsޕkЄay.0P{7N((BaIP$ K"U6Gl ݙqJRu+qN$ m#*p<|{:>-Ev=86N*MM긭U*uѾ?/^o7;'u,h4݌xښRM:5.(/ \իU.{F^rmF-Jɷ.>Q"[4xT^OZ~mK}T0ݛ^SAo9u?lX(' qj%=X}"^e4wˠ|rܫ 6I\Ķ;Ӻw!'ڍWg{ i U_9Avhۣƾ+:vs/MK[ɭīe{`Zgb}r[i'GE2J7Nez579wRq+Un ]J.cJ4M:h箽Wxxm^ pc\wcN%'My $$| :$Fqɏ¾^қP9J6Wxvu}ݵP>Z'FFdg"-; [¢cmWkÎT8nG%ݣ7*\խCLRYZͤiD&J#'ehbSyXK|y*ӞpS̍R`[pTr/Eg)K+92{_ n3zwz'oŸۤ+sOj J:`T>Cf*lwd\fYOP"R E֢̔L4ɥ :;.b(B02rJ蠟9>V'9M%)IqnhP<%,r'P/vNSwr#w"ݨaqc(|{kd=^0jTMR2ULNz|.<|^PfY22##!,K~E BEJۜ&jRNsHަޛg\r,v؜.jK3)[EJ2ii{KEiHP^&]Gn8x=K}Wx/KI9-ϵwQ%spܾ[^R}S3$qvq8M[ ozKxcqmJ/ӿ{_}7&ݨ\f6ZSyQz& 7ۉ[8~UNn|nkiTB+4RI8'Nc%tn{!]Ȋo.nEmʱn𵵥J A+wy#+ikǒڂ;՛s85'KmE:Ђu""Iģ5p=БbTY-ͽڔ詻ngL2Q}$de# fs^o{DUUsfwӶ;s1T,ǤtޒQ\෼J=.tKU,7čJ5 N$y3kdSMQU~mO[03 $zAڟsF5^뜞"Կ QHmrR"ӳηer+ҔZ]hE-6Jmt'ޒ=O[sQj)6K}?e4v_KfZheޓ=BV[bY}lݒTTЬ{ȫvO_qpRApVŗ 6ju=*BR)g "O1yhb=tqJ gtm\b3RY+JQ^Ō֍\յ\>+uSi{=x ^w;uӘ#ĸzLn*$anok߷CBӷ}5Yqvdž<( "_OWit5:EZj2 B ρ1̊fi[n!HQF82q1牙nqnEpT(2RMoM4ϳOu ':֧_Xjsg jP^(ڙ{2%E͖j^}ZU[Q$'U) <܂%!s"m R'G5M0<+zM6qYm$ڕ$3ǧH]?o2N<8F1̻r_my[Rf59NjpzBnl7*{.QP 3N&^BLJPjAHCK2Q}$#~YMq8 k(MFMU)8MEqTy+Tʞ-ar5yܕOXw!e;q-Jqܶ䓊Y:LC UE{/t>r"lI9)3KJjϤA 6SEE$d߇3KG*En|P\ԭTn6I-ƍKTj<1H_zwGr19wF N8ݝ+a9ɫM6mhePi%mmD! """"""*1bRKrD"vnrM۫mmĽm]ӡiG~e"˩ lhRTMk^MX["Jݱk7_ޕ*DqĒ&flՒ}`W}~SմZ{ĕ~wm*/{{ѹ_-0ط#P]xlڱ~Tn5wi*lڪ (JxioϏbqKYR|!|KN53 OS222$jzww%i}>N)E+rۥ7c$Ofl/LNث\6H9: FY󡈾I)fB֔JI_ ֣^: 9mY{66㒢7Uj]:.-os[R&gMF3˸#໹kmjq^8W"PΦURjʄWa˧T!͋ lW48JB2ko+ /Nw QwQzQ ے%$ޓ7^YL|r7!v%Trܥ &|M8~ybrn[RV gSn{{*#2#ԽᢏӴHak" ӌcwҜw&RJ07ױ>Ļ =^ BɆ)v32.M1=#6%̠tҤnzqMwԣ~s*%-j|_m*.Yx9Sz=)qE4 3pk+,`=kNRڥ=B=nŔNAx)Q$ԩȧ4z3t#Z2lҮYn$S%y- JzGpu|LBV7ZW#;Wwipܷ%(6jFG5#{$D"uۭ~]֫SrD܃fҎӾ+Tu>-ZTQ& N|$沸ii>eRWݳu'[O̻j8JۻEѩ[]vni= ڒ,[_%kC7I3Nv$4ɎЈeٸoUu:[}Do5|zNq=Tre%ɧ6&~DȍF]ƞG5q m]/w/ \ʲr8=oʔe9U(W"|S]uZd#?Se[W"ֿh][-7Nu:T=)R}.;ml*5Dlf $fF(̏T hiIUU4Szɕ t(%_|2 ~6eM;TƗK[f&]LK^CE2[ȏBOd;Mi|cx,^6;sیGpQ\NuJIFTJ~đArh* B"$H쉩eXPRj?sl"ԥ)su]xpԴY%VESH"ЋJǰ K&5^Ukzׄ8kEgS2h&Se\ Yl]WҶp-ZUvi7QS:4byqOo+[̺腋[6-_Fo.6[7$p&^ _GZԸߍkc.qqoI[9m߸YxOZЦ1uoiSH)P9Uʄjcq= S>֙NeR><;+ڌk%_qT].srNO?s[=vH[]RZHRMtᩗVؾ:/~u)ԍdg%=edVrISb{6vSu=(ܥ)mTv/J}̇8 S3ad:^hBSf؉OɔLhI_1d8,L><_A0y3rXq"'(۱;mFNII.v5_(^q~X>y{3צ I*Vܛv/jW' T'NR'j%ꔩ:mJ3SB}΋!-H-RJBТQoedi9tjENenPpke.%4]#{:>mkEɱdYWl\\\'nRM4&U>?Ќˉk÷!𴪛]]5}UqG~ݏI"O~s6(Ļ)qO~h}uԕd}Q~G,oE!&G&/]_H-O=o{k\̭bkv.Ô܈+;arZx)m?M\3lU$mk-CFXjTv6u' g:Vn_*qk:VC A%'4JV%EY)#BғO4<e׿jQQ]yUr4=wm[K1r׵%Iũ-O}|kC;/VcݩWZ)EHdžTru]8hgĵ-;=>U_ InvTm_jBM+QiF"9*{DI/iuo(=TzϖmPQl_v4z>T*ȴ>YF;ε\t]EH4ꌇ[VrLzef 2T^V>g2~kg5~Nק;{~Z~W}&ŒBӿS2$J?~(Yœ"˲ߩ\O]: J׉ښT{mmIѩn3˧)4LdFZ/zUG>U> n 5& ϴ-KJi2o]uKljvK3$bԔҚV旧iY5.ίfi96v7!v))FJM4{jG~Jt/lUE%pTAFe4qQk\ve۽/u/Im+W')v{\-E|Pms7߮DZRr۞/mu*1ՙaB܆ -xg3#6ۥtRogʌU)׎]ZҞNnŞr}F1Nnޞ;cZ{N}ۿMiuxʉ*3qi'9KHQ$WJxXyرŔe~[v5~/jN9Q4o6rJv FrdxM*iRjMzUinHdн7ᾞS=S'7 } ̽zt7K|_g J=Lq+/Bw_\ۧx\HJUPzQ<hqF[V0x==CsU7q|^ {)Iq38$_A(VgcKu06Ƅ"%i~_ˉk QCܣB8Ku/񋇵u([w}$F|8TՠI.E !;RJ^}MɒD_q2];Ɖ{5}*n7nEInO{Mwv}&q+v [V}Ĝ@%>#dXQ$f;iep.GquixVt x6bj͵mlKقQ[T]zs/&yەnM'W}!Fp_d^Tu N{ɻ'l{խ2.sTu{W^H&;1s)Pӛ6>$mě;Łnj= fLT)>׸+qReɴ[UR\L*P/!$Ӊ3Q 'K=m~6XqW3^W+ųO_[F$rR*u"T%@O +%# ]˽!aܽz{ͷvQh쩎]hGތ5ɇ*DzJDRNLi 4:{~2FmXY-zzĽ^f=]uū{/+&c:Ma{ĝDp2m܍kHș/(--m_vݮK(V{R}.k&yƴ7i^4@3f sK3^Ř˸B=]?gt5KbZB<e;kQLpxuWC}n 5ҴepB##~q= `x]KWF {GfŲ}?G.I9pjWkU]>={7q{kO/^I3==f1ɏ%nnʫ/Zu_yXN<57ۍ'vy/"8넭M2eԷ&Y,в33%IkjMr7xf nmQkX4踼>a-GcIeތw&U=-:qnW)z¥j :WqSZvԒ#j"KrIU)%qrmRoDGQ~SYRsu*V)  ,/x)MFD6O#]z 96[Ui(JRfw'y$GeUީkdMF-ݻ98F2d[o{Rn0n-xsV6Dh|Eb2E:KCOӪv4SJCr"J!!m,hRLD| ZYFm/X~ΧfrN&4Ƒ=Z9Mh.Mܵw/BdrܥniŪ8ɧ|y%œ[M=_tj?F!z5\evM:\ ~F-sg钬OWq“iiȍ<Gi%%n2rqͻllƑ)okw7}\Uk-:&fj솘XerV9yZuʼşdFC=rmo%~ZN78X(N)_7.Εn1MpJ}62jjJdI";R5&iLԸc:jmqiQj$ujp\{;v5B񥍪Xn Ą4qOERjzN(Ga٠䌡)p*v(J7#ZۻZ8O W uONb+^Qipv9GvֽƼϯrYƖKGJQDNPhRJjᡧC"21"9ѓS1;R_O7/WGz)8fE%F2ukmvSov/iZ&/]~KmI[:^~ͤ\kMi稜\ywJt3W7 8Ʒ~ݥeFgѼw"8VVSج\뻆}ݭ/J6Q)d|)zU3>k\L=;ow֯gN3pKѫ|wmkZ$z^2R:E)f>ς нd|#׆?\ǔpV{;\$ƵE%-ͪm0S6[n< kE[}mvE4DDZ^$OZ0*$~XUv҅B@^?]so#%ojw;Y#SxxueBگy v^i-)s)zV jC{7Gt.w3v,ygg8s]aE_,*E tY5k٨h=o"m泏:\6w噓aiL׎n^c\75AGkЯ0Lf46َ`egZ˓p/k;̛]kq!ݸzpԭG"}R9Ve>ˏHUjJ-&7nrnwG*Xv\˱/vN}O)ʼn&CV͍f̵]r\PMB-6Du-#RͰtRN^)mT _}nSȕC*_xBuTkJW[`ɩ`ejvsngP ڻ.-WUtܑqԹQj)t;vN&RNũT+8%IXӃ5fK՛-d9 ]CƑm|nZ-6=Hz,*aEm W3VzRšdY~Xf׀Xx"]s;)5u*ُHB BRGS6bݶؿ 9j[1*jױga7oX CUI%0v#~\-O-Ꙛuɷ쏪&5mY٦M`LJ2qK~HZbr =N'YobI. (^ ׾{_ ?OJ`S`3BN[}5w6:ǵ/iSlt=4F*d&T4y/#. ɵim5Uֲf 眕6Y7 fơ=3dϕq뚩$qTM-%r!$@A? ޾V0c~{[{;򥧅a~ڵ»&ڄv1ek=wb MLkNAԬw-x>~/r=e73VeVN)K%Sښe"+3uXuچrn ֺVzscJ峻m}vb㶓n\YbIUBT%*,0nov=;z꣓S/nSXSpl##k9mXGrZv^Gde!ŷRԠzQyjC]`gToPov{j~KRBMY}i[߶9KL2ԉO0K#m>wB[ٍ+n[[b٦DX ݲpo] [\m5qdT()mo4Oy9Ie b][wղmM~vmi۱~t \}$яimRk(L c Cvk7r9_r1 ;zv|F@KyZ[&jEji/"6$69ml#e]9s\{ScL}Ȣؿ0q/nZ*t,CLoD߉Njǚy=Pgmu6^]l-["çUʖMlʍp-"qmU>۷uFOJ%Ǔkx 'g=睋k[3u,{³WɘݪF]ՍeFX"Oy\,cچ=w/gn Ļ]#2? vqy-gXnR.^}ݺFs{ŝG]}e|#0mjx"ƬWكm?rgU^xVB":Dt>@LRbun~ݭ,w+v⪕;\U(RYa61>#Jm˞Μ9g9XKaG='u8gf}'qy#ɉw J]We.ʲ-<+&q%s?2dњztҼn`cΤmmqMdz O[-ߩӲ&;[tmܝVnr">{x<8U+p:Ig]zjGkt,uzf}dؠoJaکqEq -(:d<պ=eKy[˗^%ZXkX[C2߱\ITTLGzANM￵i]K>UsOGDDD.ZF6* ҃V Zhz{'xp^`wo8r0h ZmJ5"jb[l=yUu7-;7IT%:jFjߖm0tzU'K)څNۧYJ)4IQ}^KWm7kSP>q;ނ#)'n7&׊r?óM{IwR\j2Qn[v pe#/tAF\ϵ225q֒om6z})6҅*oqDsMf CNIN=T S2t,_ѧ}kveMF0J\Rnnݙܹy[rUc-j{yGtkQ%s]5qB.Nw.JN1LvR Ui5J ZESQԙr):MJ+g}χ!2;q([jAud][ljVK3$ײSJI=/|&tl'*n۽f.frܥ jQO8>&Z];.|7T/C}$ڋUmP2Reҭ8hFF\L 3~e v\۫]ݝNmrnB%*]Z«hKc=BTLG :V74$=Ǘy+EX'4tn(I:Ѝ;Df8c,k1%dJ6.j6ź{N~l6&*fœI7 WAlGOu-ҢH,,(ǔe뿋쩨kM܍ZſgRvQ' 9)?n|er˭|I|-fGK.rΛp8XV1%K6mvG+tc+qE&ǸC_Nm:l=_/m5^[dߌڇ.c<%:)tQ$Ow~-aY;UJ>=F)2[nk؆?훐M=l6[4(O.]2#-H^n#->&mp5~Fӛ+|| S,xag%qkEUzUgæBhߕP(7]kFnq?֖CpruZ6*rEڊtS|*tI*E}7R<,nUU֫^I7Q*mSly%rdȓd8hE<9oHhMfNSRj[i7D[Rj݊+kდq{"$$H?p\̅S?㭻;t~R߁)^/>Qj`yt[w ԛ;²~+ߔ_ YW~|o]?x^ᯛ `ʼn;g)T@vWn]>&4lp+$D̢1l|ȨF%-}.9[}w~ ԠLM9hСablfe&QoW!s?wjLK?s7yO>(=C~_nyǜu?v3vyo oI@qV-jeES^[9WoSܝh"l2C1a͔CiJ@3:Pճw=/7ovuk+\V;lDgն<[A+rX~d;m!_s8ݖ׷;;.0llUC+?i#_crʙ1~C.\–q ul8Hܶ2m`ܻM3Tov|Bs rɵ"oLS- DКw=Tv@f'6|YlD͓Y%׵-#Ѯo%:&!3o%\J<02;K87>^vgƓ# ;ݝmz^Y6=PS39U%~ &f# }o!muH;ʲŇ˷yvP+&.7e[3'vR4Yj̗IZ`e˽3o[WU{ m[sUbۋZǾۆl6~9'V*.\S2<Sd*zY[aŶ`]C$n.v^Ʌ dng>ەZ,Mmϑ :n6nϦezWqUJ4! ۇ4R! =>>Fn|Q[{pRO17ƕ~._I''00k=b՛o}Osðc2'o\3}ݭQ^2 . R1yKȣtAݿ-uܾw!`?1Whn|gzUo[ECWwjUIן)^h#1ɭ!/Z np;o;ΗŻkXs."6E`Z1 עӐ9Kl8qd q} 2Stt;#j>;խabONŗ=fwP1j)l6J̶|gV2`y/0E˛6+ԫ1? 6}KW c\KoKͨ2ۅFw–s*TԞLיuDx .kCzWXhy۶gLu|%TnupǺl-S* PRaLnT+c+*xl.v!.U=|; !_L̎뱚U=4hm:ٯ"y)$:>%(n}X'p[ȴ ^˒4kƓmzDx \ 'NqamP7nyN݅=j7%McSڵj%STy qXymvCg{w/w=wSW5r̹u erծˊsOm=DhEҚRb#n)QOxtվQwe]I}wCa'"[ۂ-z}2UuKP$㜉ԧ:mc<Ý>RoL?wu|%ҷ&K y_!y9 ??:tq3(UU-lkS'ɸ@jdzQˬR] EVPW1DJq2n:,c|ǻ̑;y{X,ۂ.u.b˕u.tKBjQ"[S園S`ٮdNبeJ&9Ơ ~0a(Vm٘L+Jr*vڑE( x0+tp˕ n';wm-ޜMOxX>{#2%jgb2M[`K*\5@8l'e=0u+w ֘鳾{y܀:R*Ya]"Ӧ%ktynlۣ65,3gU}{GYrb;ge'TKwǘ.,rpܚV]Tr,!dp /ԺU,xՉ>s׽~W5oTh yx?xrrx?)?ilbT׬,z$Ԏ.UH٠\U1pU:]JwSrGZq8àd驐,N67QYBӢD㏙W!Q25ϸo9ms-7-%3CihO.J鯽-;MZM8ku-7k9S$8]q2E(}bۏI[DKOK}3KUB^u %Y,u.-&f#]'܆o$x`Yu,dzwM;#oKxn;\[d7}Rb+*Y䛂ZuBӱl{j0O̓}LhK;[aֶaGL{Cb#S.T[>߃F]NK"u^LUʐ_ykW?!GRj29͖qa'0[npcDvV)qz9R)PۨM^aJx W] r>];eN3vxdmĘ(5W2K1䪖weF{mE/QP6\u54x5[hۮ-Nk”i[lUgL]J}5 S:EhiUrgHl!ŒJ$pe=q^b͵Q' ?6|R\,JA ڵ"TDꈭ:ymg`B5t%M] <N_zv2_Ortٵ/i/ReӮ*7[qүqEG* m"[I:6e^p"I$jԴęh!m)]GZkcjS!{e^z}+Cѥ9;R|/ֱeiUԏCNu2Zhcٗg$ݭwvr P8*7/Lk~I'Km1+MW%Bk|oOm>-#qj*|Dbѱkn|n{v#jĮqNpMIUm(7Liz;{ҜݞڝVƚVϬ+sO!OstGvxӉ']uӎ4g_ 1^-8ۦ k!)Ύ5O;YSB#2Zzχ;<.ֵOtge~.(RC#wFZeGZٸ6FFJ4e2ˇpJT$[wgV)q6muDGJ56q\I!̗ y/I~RtJ9kJ]Iy*'FN0s.[l!fw'y(7$œ WƫgyΙdMEU JQJv̋vmrۖ.jWR_M֨djYgSj0^\y'EoECjm$ IƩK>Z28J2TiJ2N#}.s cArl嫶nB.FIJ.)۔\ZiM>/hLĸ=C1s[?YMqp|94- 鮝𦔽/k^#NT(Y LS$6˩}{;5 )B۷W$qpN)qqoot}ZDVә;7TiK|6f3h$dԄ}fqݡ>Nb򗉉+ͶO]>ߡ_VtYf79ڰիF sq~prս|QM)g%l0ocJȨHz V;Bb/kLAcfPJ,ԭ{ƍgpjNR6VSI*$!yV足jᇑ.](EܣqM\qJ2eZT).<9UB/(B0j)mtKEj#׿fDI-=rZړj|'Nڤ]k*i$5qt"ݙPM6E4ke^Z8ۏhz$Q(R Ay2zfRñnpnkbkI:=j &ΝșW?׵d{+ύM'??XqeeĽ.[o=UxFS=ӷdZwenՄ]_X=ĭVa* pKs0ބۍfJ3 gz̚i|wnxtjc¼5${(1fXQ65ȼb̶Zkn>%FQMJXӡ{TZEVNᖣimT/37cNJUPnP҂ZOE~"-Rc4^b- FEͧtf5[)S!OZIښݲ͑;tvܡ+N)AR=hCNn;wL16-:特7M$=Tҕ-.R[HٷnXk sn[ҞD-0WS9p9:-Ϸ-jѬNu{ҹfv)[Ľvwfg(ٷfe+0mYj8Q1\ݧg]Eǎvڿc!4#j5̋C2"}BRriFp7=ô\TZ:\BLfj#I22װ<;صZl j 6:l"6]۸ K'6RTѯ^ئOԓV\?$x7s#r:Oh{ց=MmuHԷd{pN /܅:UE#Yy+(SgQ(Щ)RHzw>^Ѿݻ>mK&^ '$Jۻ&w%F|xfz%˳ L~3N?Cy9 v w/{ƿ kz3x> sXv}vP"@WyC z`'톽Dw%-tt yVY\wmuPYQA0iG-2JP,6/gˢ]u.-n!Zw.N7Q]Df}Q0({a\@=i_X7gFǘ8^⻲}G MZ1)WEfO12G+=-B@z\`||w6ċj߬m}UwRox֢I &c~XGP6Qndpvܻul'V7^FJt^{b^B(L~sѣ6@߿^xqU!ڙ5|Vpvef-uӥ^3  FSDɯKD%0r}FF穛r7 +o"V8tv̖NQU!5uFd"bCr^bJ=֤fM#ʳԷP0O-9xRBm\=`r-:;~3Tl(nXtXi%2Vٛ#vwqƴ`L@"H‹qW.j,JM5B[)WܺUeZFqc'V˷1W7V̾-MHФwn8N;HPSdݷC7&2j.W\τGŎ'Vb]c.x+Rx1%C2T{myg[qU|+m:M:շ8҉yWd)ՋWS%%:iqlʹmGwݹ WnNŤѩ5(9hTٵDdGUi-)vSs2 2{OnT$Xck n:¶(lASLeȔBjμPpTb2~N2~%^k[ܗ[Jzs0ӓHBKq[}JَA-$dFQgjxxFv4r/x*Rm% `4J(&iv7SkԲmSH1YWmx 8n.k']:Z˭_W >ڃXЩ. jTq%Aā[E}amc]D:rmHRiu:uӚӢ\p(5-q%e)(۬ҖȽIf<߽pr&ݫVfY91q2ĭEQgYbTGQ&,yL+N$[q*RVۉQ=FuTܻ>f>f㋳8N6$܌n)9&»iˤsX,݅܍ȩv+sRTpO}d?Wn/Inpȸ%O]StQO|v5\}7Zwb.AIVK^:wb{[uݯcytO߶S<{8KSRׁH̏N7ۚ[xkwYy_'ZӵF+>쌛ZUĦreE9F[24De{}@:ExWs-\ǻ7K-\JNvEk%:s˙#κ].oͳ;լ7wB6nwu:$L; DkI#Wz.:Xp(˅v$Sq,wn\qIN-e<5Oe+vuYTpcojUI_ާP8 O 7&VL8z$_B-H-[uh]T{|8=qVRN-:Ij:7PUtXϷmy鉿:RIM~33ӸS2#׳GdŲ5+/Bx{(WzȨ5Y㞎#|˖+ ط.|e<o/rߔX>7s}VE.OVti׽ .5nNJO"95{#q}Ay9do]R"M6z\tnNS-D!@3N_jicWsy*5uٮRcWv/.,j}=S)j5C^> Ie =gu9ӛqjtz]۪TMoߧI!Ǧ¶m:,"[L!{qAv-o 3{"KʼnrIkfٶj2ƙ؄S`7` k6jzޞ?e5G&6uʷ2%ԒRKE*G\Npom F/V |C0.q_eenƣ<5Oh'67ɪn[SĽ{ڔjǘzs;~׌(ۂ`ܢ1ƣ` _l9Va6%UQWh~P~\F^ZHR@:ۧCJ{ôGeBh;~ۧnU J\O+n2 RҠ)ng}Kh{5+S×ܛ.1ZjG)iRȤIN 4%{oΜ/eO[Nffd ĹK?nnԼMqX'܌nZvq<ķbFnͪaQ`5 s,M_լ?-@_{w{ӺձJ}GF[%v\5[ŒGkOw/ΜM9rjË%2+rd~+󲕛C9U۳r[aJǭm|˒LAʨSCq[XMۺoubfp:t+ΤĻo ][ zt-*67kvS7D·MMCQXm;)܎n_h%]4ܙnRk!]ڵsDUF"`R, &#R_*[z*ZqFXɻ]7|۵w+'pFDەs=r./ᐚm3Hשy yD"jHCr':sA65نѮ^o1V/ f;nFr3VM)e*- s D'H݅fӧ\*޷[k<7u<-]֍Q8R h|p=WlW3s%Q %3l}@U-K6f-NϿu|ڴmWN׮[׸F*mW\%r! C78:޳vBG7ŵ.JթԚ2x)ST!řn~9 W:Wpܢ件{xf8ٳwKE ҰWxVB\qBZ 2wMb[lGSnyԚ~z9ZmያvoN2Afnݽjf>)j3 !;gOYʹK" Wftڎ+׭b*2ϻK>ۢӱeyԪXISUm[z+ugX%0lϏnvg!;t{BqPj>PyvR7Cj]O%+ݲ :qiMj6W}3vC/R=4Som]ŗ=ю, TF6U_-\6MyskwMr&Q\wjKܩyMϣUj0*}RZܷSdY3>Zjqj6TgzpA/M`/Cmл,޻feE[/+uk^Vs1W$G(JsW2ٰu*߻q*Y޵.Wi:ur5T),=0uRmho.twܖiYwrWHntvEj8qhf`Ͻpf(R&>Ki%I7$QӖm-2 ~yߗQ-앑/ x[k8nw.c㩵k}]FkbJl:{.(˩n0Hqvαp7 귎.Gupx[N`Yq'+ruU7[ү+>!xrȫoSo]OC# d^Q]\>!ƛGw^Mx"-+%vdX-:M2UR%d>%l ioSu6lsj7D P>XxHz Ukà(n^Q V>5cVtWj SEiJdznyej[lE' 3kuٌNn4JW)gB {4 j6&]' m-(ZMEz8cz>WZ6#7+[,MR-Z!4ܓtCyE|umj1ƽvƷV\;%>Q :#Le(iVz5 4ũۤUWxX ^(ҔsլB2w-V ^R+; ˂M\z+Uwr+RWY⺧~ Q*JcYSNSλUd8in=v K낫k\IRרSUaCFmϿ5̗P|u ZTԕ}>oYѲ1sfP+sQkX8Gb~6r,s>^\,mGL+7[n-E\.Fqḕcl*Jmjb5 ,m]c}NXfeVlǸJ5eˡ$4%g~N p4Y*WwW٧<8v#;qԩTut,m"#Y D\5V`\\Lȋ];LȇiS6ϝZ l>LruR\v=ǘϔDg=ԈdFZ+M{=|,[;0>RiSi4,S5}yxw&(E7&fݙ4UՕ! ~'Id)]ǽu2K-fޭ \08Vڅ쓬=Vy^^ IhyKR-B#Ըr=]mܻӾ'*Umkoy rTqT_i,/8Q^<ݤ|4ԻO(܄"'5N~#m.(Ҿ2i6Uev&I*<}҄$eNtÛzyWJubW^iBW.܅Wڮg]irO6Ve90sgv.+sV޿aޔ[p?3q*FutUo*eL\KM'EG*ZcAFfG5J 5jj=MJ3OK:k˝'NMB7m3uFҕ\-Ywg%PRqMIyZGY9|μvn߻5cWݷa^+X֥vnݘ\v7m>Fgzv"-;Ew֝}1|RjN𿊀7g#֟*GQQ|#/bo]p$>_Un9гUbn9׃ErQBU-^vDmVh'<R[fdHT]*~}3j;nvjc7s-rӳ Y8[n[1pJx kX[Jk9Mn!_Nю6x:iZ˦U |߉^Ԛ݃hYxk &U^bwKk.[jE+P(˞=9j@snCv7%c_7=xǁ<l {t'酚+1F‹l׭:ݻILruǶkL-L(K0L1&>wXB(pm;1fpnlp֓%Skidkt(U +xulo'/ڕeN r=^pZZ:Pnj8Hf"48ijY[ N[yZٻ+=  ø:3 ?^ܷ^Sr#YK[UF?CuhC b]GM')mڏsNrܗI]ljq6VB. W,UK"YX5{c >Iqā> T:n!,5l2VzCl|+I[*SrjnS6٨y+x,@>П.g+!rn9>N|W>OZT_ut Y""v7|sfި;Pclm EùN,{'fNT%U&LfH8~1v>Il}统u6P˗c(WV~H^bMU.o*oOF0N:_:6Smr_.b+|ݶYY غF,mwjv>f*>QM뭱Sd:`N{l/⎱;n-z~"Gze퇎J5S KG9!Gn;N1 ݎ h6m|S?ɂ5'WOÞ 7|7^ao @mxGmi^jϽ>01Mf0լD3-2T. VXR"ɥV Kl J O7|u?bvа;6.eߓ|[1bmRr,eRz`z 6܎-ͨku͹Fː dPhYgZUj}nvX;z=gVեTv_J }\1n7w2J?ޘγc\E 1Aޑzq;\r]]\Y&[nsNei\uURje*Qk2CSl*xJz-xٶlm+|UjUؓ`Ladqiĩ!Gd\W~fz;Tn*PdRM&T4`չSWq5k훶(N"Ӎ% V]֦wb.nUO!u*J&Oӕ2e|Z=eV쫚΅g#+/RW:طnbi*Wyo)p{:ETKؚR(RY+r웓r(IF) VmȵNB:h Q1ғ|u8E]{,'$-TR[j49l*3"I鯴zhd>Q+\BkNF=.$ZR4Nwհ(IpNi.(Gi33#33e$FXK*NdWrud[r{xnk$v2ıh+J1TQ[#JQl[tRO]LHKٮ NӍnF񨔤֞Em'MILB"ԋ%dBŋ+p̿_17jzT~4pc Vo\ƹb9Rq-'1j;8ܗ)hE%DZKS<璸Bu*%*Yw5ڻ9ۣ^z4U; Ñk\U(o~G?VUĎ:?P?_F_Kߤ~ᓾI |pr.Ok\SklRhҪz{­P .}SktZ7UQ4ڌIM8̈eaӊJZ%FFZu,KZvln廐SNFIVtuNi?CM5]+Ph,{jN JSR$IS^tSUVrORYu.9WyP6 [Kiu m!X|]Y79ӄ)\ģ)pbڳr%*&ꑶ_-H*dzk)1 V3')UAϹٶWRxe'պn۫h7AR9 EAJeGLms!%D| A 5]/Q3eb̄vnVn%za\m kZnv([emqrIҕij|""><hjJשvvǕ|Pޟs}V~2&Z?+2N&Z4w@)4iSڪ_>/JN9Hiۏuf8'It[ȲR.hZ$ȋ_Y ~U<UUO*6b)Ovzڜj\R̋.$FsQuҊj^נ䈈y<zZIuP[}Qm=C?zN(Exqu/kn S-FzKZzOסӽjJ\)F3b!r5ٝ|;6 o=-3*λ]αb\abqRi-w޵⦪~b8Kpo)Z=>)ғ"5/GTZLE-輵f7ݘ۹~+&+w/7GFI:l33fg.N~۲\2|*cnermnnM+Fq"ѪIz%j =YW8@~gc/~?N'?)«qȸs➟n=k" X“m֮VreMh2[uݖ] *FܖN)MȐ`f0 g,C9̑o;ddudJ=In13:ݒvvdMUEJLp^,6t-@͐9'{7m{-3,>hnF;ѰM)->>+Ěz!R* :`e--m7nB\u{b U>[8֪]6^ߤLʦ\DFNo$$dͶlgno8OrsQ\l̯hRo8tuNo+ CTxu!2[>ctFpeޓƻֶR"3QrQuOѳgwQr;S~)6HhZw/GgVTmUf_yt7%$];zLWF̰xy2Ʉu!MCmš_0[W6jf#a-KLi+3Q7c^qg%s<1aYIQeZf+}>;S6L0]Yu_h9߻<ƅpmiM$AVvŚ,*#t2.8Y)-Zhshü97/#Oro"u^/uFgWɺ,p:6a,^x%$Yve^3PƗMnTP&yS}OJ '덫MH^:rXԴJۋ/rI;S*,+yz1hv)Qw^ڍJ2oL׊q(\fDj:^T%vOadɂnS}ZO)N*λdaȜkG_PIEO}нa(^iQX᯦-7^)%g'SJx(.S9zVɴZ{E ))ۅi/s7 VIV-|sj0*UBTHIqRf>FP$KqN0 R̻8j\GcC}IUz\i 6F)Q{Gҧ3qSzKj-Az VЛS-zy:8*mNk|D鿓ND2u+0Yŝ7kqm·?8Ib]u>˗^_>(]vӋzv+ݩ){vZrJ2RQ몋C$z [,pp,8mڊbR]Il .f~d/ݓs㓓mͶ{mgjQwn=Oic9ܚm4Q/6ݨ[TƧ?nԶoytf{@AzT{e{[O'ZRZt~AGD?s3􌿂ՉIw'|~U\ w~di:Kޱ)U/sU%njѩ&GSP^ǝd)..!^U` 1wX[aԇSxoFV6_扐)T 2Mfd=ۖͭiZ7KK Bi9%7@<3<ճԻU,},a}FRqɛr i@ONJvK KLN M, ʖv0n-]DwlI-X6ܶ$Jʴh5O+mOI+Ra瞠\ MG7BفjYo1#͖0V`Ѱ2M?c8>-Crt*JkIGS:e#hPKx[鱼>{5m;wcն&>j-M֥^َ) 6yȜl_w{-ō̱r> U=]iw3)r*]:K]6BdCTZ|>gf}LW}[$'Y5 &c -j.z6R 67MԷFMnÌwI7w5E}o޽+K ֵy4܌ȥW"COyR[q5Ӱ͙f[v"_#q{MV6܍3"u9BK(41ӯqˇc${ߝCi6I(OmθzҜ5k^:>Jzw.>qV8{vU[ڶEm|DžBz].KHjI]x;Mɗ{m,qZXr忇2u^RO2Z}ZێS[2Jen!*NDcrBUً4<ǼMҲs1Zw57c3&ĖڻzmP*FuJG1-dN:|OU}ҵgi2t~F^^Z.VxjvŧnNNh<:]^~NN+ge^g.SԔGFe߯'[vn'(ScJ]kܗ7eJOlRrfziݮq̋S"\*U<*W]k$FջV}? 7g#֟*GQQ|#/bo]p$>_Un9;l S VvQU%OLU{οmU6bZ1MTx%!֙Q7, J=!3 ;Q,ڌ;6ͱ݅q^&ߔ·n #WbwӖX.HtG)N&d̵zpI,n cu ޖUj+VXUp[w]N o.J6Z8Ts&utxln;~HPHS/xw`G\ʡ¿rj Z^vt"[L:SD\h0sUwR,}[x^X,R2Vn< ]2YDr[SRKs8tXb̷G?Ps Tv 3be,zVz D[/I.KOEQrm'$7|[J>r S`5յwT#\w1FTz\Ԛ &"ׅhSHrD\'r]~/>p;:Piuu:"9ő=tTaS7V2rӷk7mb[^WmPp*[y.Þ6f]cizJCgRR@UVl큝.WJP1N{/\whZ ػϧӱE7|E֫Sί.x-Y&pi%v''-x6r'Ws*6=DwwUu]=C?MK [yrtܒG$!WGqJ*%SAz ED[^)/tė/g=#Omd.|^n/sl׉g DZqemqowݮRzUܜ=ڽ-o/Iۖ;qVʘgPp|mm;6zGl9.8pwWgsJ2qPbe}}UpNjٯ}7TMQKrؽtEx%v w߾8%|j;~|}pK]ơ/ w߾8%|j;~|}pK]ơ/ w&~e_H 8PL7:%ʭ5Kw&U2vwR_+rm'}C7#rWoO&HoG?M$UR7{FU]u ;# !Wk`|W>׹潇9Vn)6)*ҹ{%qV4q>W1vi#T"Qk&GwxcJBJ- Ϸ^ˁxkU}ԣ/3.;]J=<*)cS)ROK9H=,r zX @)cS)Da^ԽQ gxJI=w֣gf*TRj

Correspondence to Neslihan Tekçe, DDS, PhD. Assistant Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Kocaeli, Yuvacık, Basiskele, Kocaeli, Turkey. TEL, +0262 344 2111; FAX, +0262 344 2202; neslihan_arslann@hotmail.com
• Received: March 2, 2015   • Accepted: June 21, 2015

©Copyrights 2015. The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

  • 2,758 Views
  • 24 Download
  • 72 Crossref
prev next
Full Article

Download PDF Download PDF

  • Objectives
    The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three different drinks on the color parameters of four different restorative materials.
  • Materials and Methods
    Three different composites (Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative, Filtek Ultimate Flowable, and Filtek Silorane, 3M ESPE) and a polyacid-modified composite resin material (Dyract XP, Dentsply DeTrey GmbH) were evaluated. Eighty-four disc-shaped specimens of 8 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness were prepared (n = 21 each). Color coordinates (L*a*b*, ΔL*, Δa*, Δb*, and ΔE*) were measured using a VİTA Easyshade Compact (VİTA Zahnfabrik) after 24 hr of storage (baseline) and after 30 day of storage in three different beverages of black tea, Coca cola, or water (control) (n = 7). In each beverage, the specimens were stored three times a day, one hr each, for 30 day. The color changes (ΔE) were calculated and were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn multiple comparison test.
  • Results
    The color difference (ΔE*) of the resin materials ranged between 1.31 and 15.28 after 30 day of immersion in the staining solutions. Dyract XP in Coca cola (15.28 ± 2.61) and black tea (12.22 ± 2.73) showed the highest mean ΔE* value after 30 day, followed by Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative (5.99 ± 1.25) and Filtek Ultimate Flowable (4.71 ± 1.40) in black tea (p < 0.05).
  • Conclusions
    The compomers displayed unacceptable color changes at the end of 30 day in all beverages. Among resin composites, the silorane based composite exhibited relatively good color stability than the others. Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative and Filtek Flowable showed similar color changes in all beverages.
  • Keywords: Color stability; Compomer; Drinks; Nanocomposite; Silorane
Four types of materials are widely used for direct aesthetic restorations, including resin composites, polyacid-modified composite resin material (compomers), glass ionomers, and resin-modified glass ionomers. Resin-based composites introduced in 1970s are commonly used in clinical practice due to their improvements in esthetics, mechanical properties, bonding procedures, and material formulation.1,2,3 Their monomer structure or chemistry, filler amount, size and shape have undergone multiple refinements over the years to yield better physical properties.4 The changes in monomer chemistry were at first directed to improve the methacrylate-based systems, by modifying the Bowen's monomer (Bis-GMA, Bisphenol-A-glycidyl dimethacrylate). Aliphatic urethane-based dimethacrylate resins (UEDMA, urethane dimethacrylate; UDMA, urethane dimethacrylate) and partially aromatic urethane dimethacrylate were developed to create monomers with lower viscosity. Moreover, ring-opening systems and epoxy-based resins such as siloxane and oxirane, which are commonly called siloranes (a new type of monomer) were introduced in the market.5,6,7 Except monomer structures, the filler contents of materials have been continuously changed over the years. Recently, nanocomposite materials have been developed. These materials have submicrometer particles (nanofillers, approximately 40 - 50 nm) and provide excellent esthetics and polished surfaces by minimizing the filler size.8,9
Compomers (polyacid-modified resin composites) were introduced in 1995 by adding dimethacrylate monomers to conventional glass ionomer cements.1 These materials combine the benefits of resin composites and glass ionomers, but they behave more like resin composites.10 They contain acid-decomposable glass and acidic polymerizable monomers, such as acidic carboxylate groups and polymerizable methacrylate groups, which enable both free radical polymerization by light curing and an acid-base reaction in the presence of water.11
Extensive efforts were made over the years to develop the esthetic properties of dental restorative materials. To obtain the ideal esthetics, any restorative material must simulate the natural tooth in color, translucency, and surface texture, and also show color stability for long periods of time.12 Discoloration of restorations can be due to extrinsic (exogenous) or intrinsic (endogenous) causes. Extrinsic factors are related to the surface absorption of staining solutions from exogenous sources or through the accumulation of plaque and surface stains.13 In the oral environment, superficial degradation of the restorative materials and their adsorption of staining agents can cause discoloration.14 The characteristics of the inorganic fillers have a direct impact on composite resin surface property and their susceptibility to extrinsic staining.15,16 On the other hand, intrinsic factors involve the discoloration of the resin material itself by alteration of the resin matrix and of the interface of the matrix and fillers via oxidation.15 Therefore, the photoinitiator systems, resin matrix, filler loading, etc., influence the color stability.17 Endogenous discolorations are irreversible, while the exogenous discolorations caused by adsorption of dyes or plaque can be easily removed by polishing.
Several studies have shown that composite resins are susceptible to color alteration when exposed to staining solutions like coffee, cola, tea, and wine.13,14 Consumption of certain beverages such as coffee and tea may affect the aesthetic and physical properties of composite resins, thereby undermining the quality of the restoration.13 The consumption of aerated drinks like cola is high in young adults and children. The acidity of these drinks may be detrimental to the properties of restorative resins.13
Due to the common usage of tooth-colored restorative materials, it is important to determine which materials are susceptible to color changes. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the color stability of a universal restorative composite, a silorane-based composite, a flowable composite, and a polyacid-modified composite resin material (compomer) after exposure to commonly consumed beverages like black tea, Coca cola, and water for 24 hours and 1 month, respectively. The null hypothesis tested was that different beverages would not affect the stainability of different types of restorative materials.
Eighty-four disc-shaped specimens were prepared from three different resin composites including Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative, Filtek Ultimate Flowable, and Filtek Silorane (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA), and a compomer material (Dyract XP, Dentsply De Trey, Konstanz, Germany) of shade A2 (Table 1). The specimens were 8 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness and were fabricated using a cylindrical stainless steel mold. Materials were loaded into the molds and pressed between two glass slides lined with polyester film (Mylar Strip, SS White Co., Philadelphia, PA, USA). The top surfaces of all specimens were polymerized for 20 seconds using a standard LED light curing unit (Elipar S10, 3M ESPE) with a minimum output of 1,200 mW/cm2. A dental radiometer (Hilux Ledmax Light Curing Meter, Benlioğlu Dental Inc., Ankara, Turkey) was used to monitor the light intensity output to be at least 1,200 mW/cm2. Then the 21 discs of each group were divided into 3 subgroups that were submerged in black tea, Coca cola, and water (n = 7). Final contouring and finishing of the specimens were performed using 600 grit silicon carbide (SİC) paper for 20 seconds, after which the surfaces were polished under dry condition using Sof-Lex Polishing Disks (3M ESPE) from medium to superfine. Each disc was used for 30 seconds with a hand piece rotating at 10,000 rpm. Specimens were thoroughly rinsed with water for 10 seconds to remove the debris after each polishing step. Subsequently, the specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 hours at 37℃ before baseline color evaluation.
Baseline colors of the resin composites were measured with a VİTA Easyshade Compact (Model DEASYCHP, VITA Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany). Before measuring the color of the specimens, the Vita Easyshade was calibrated using its calibration block according to the manufacturer's instructions. The probe tip was then placed perpendicular at the center of each specimen and flushed into the surface of the specimens to obtain accurate measurements. The measurement procedures were repeated three times. All measurements were made on a white Plexiglass background in order to eliminate background light.
CIE Lab* is expressed by the L* coordinate representing color luminosity, varying from white to black, and the a* and b* coordinates representing the chromaticity of the color, with axes varying from green to red and blue to yellow, respectively. The means of the values obtained were calculated, and the L*, a*, and b* parameters were determined. The color changes (ΔE*) after 30 days were calculated from the changes in CIE L*, a*, and b* values (ΔL*, Δa*, Δb*) as follows:
ΔEab* = [(ΔL*)2 + (Δa*)2 + (Δb*)2]1/2
Following the baseline measurements, the specimens of each restorative material were randomly divided into 3 subgroups and submerged in different drinks (water, black tea, and Coca cola) for 1 month (n = 7 each). The first subgroup was stored in the dark at 37 ± 1℃ in distilled water and served as the control. The water was changed daily for 30 days. The other subgroups of each composite resin were immersed in black tea and Coca cola. The black tea (Lipton yellow label tea, Unilever, Istanbul, Turkey) was prepared by immersing 5 g of tea granules in 250 mL hot water (95℃) for 3 minutes; 20 mL tea was freshly prepared daily prior to each testing and immersion for 30 days (pH, ~ 6.5, Smart pH meter, HANNA instruments, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). For Coca cola (The Coca-Cola Company, Istanbul, Turkey), a new bottle was used every day (pH, ~ 2.5). The temperatures were measured with a digital thermometer (TPI 310C, Test Products International, Beaverton, OR, USA). Immersions were carried out for 1 hour, three times a day at room temperature. After each immersion process, the specimens were washed with distilled water and stored in distilled water at room temperature during the 30 days cycle.18,19
All statistical analyses were performed using a commercially available software package IBM SPSS 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The distribution of data was first checked for normalcy with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and then the Kruskal-Wallis test. One-way analysis of variance was done to determine statistically significant differences among the restorative materials within the groups immersed in each beverage. If a significant difference was observed in any material, Dunn's post hoc multiple comparison test was performed. All the statistical tests were performed at a significance level of α = 0.05.
Changes in ΔL*, Δa*, Δb* after exposure to the three beverages for 30 days were summarized in Table 2. Also, color change (ΔE*) of the specimens after 30 days were shown in Table 2. Color changes of the resin materials were in the range of 1.31 - 15.28 ΔE* unit. After 30 days, the highest mean ΔE* values were observed in the Dyract XP immersed in Coca cola (15.28 ± 2.61) and black tea (12.22 ± 2.73), and these values were significantly different from the corresponding values for Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative, Filtek Ultimate Flowable, and Filtek Silorane (p < 0.05).
The Filtek Silorane specimens stored in black tea (mean ΔE*, 3.69 ± 0.76) exhibited significantly more color changes than those stored in Coca cola (mean ΔE*, 1.74 ± 0.65) (p < 0.05), but showed no significant difference with Filtek Silorane specimens stored in water (mean ΔE*, 3.05 ± 1.01). Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative and Filtek Ultimate Flowable showed significantly more color changes in tea, compared to in Coca cola (p < 0.05). Dyract XP showed significantly higher color changes in tea (12.22 ± 2.73) and Coca cola (15.28 ± 2.61), compared to water (4.01 ± 0.88) (p < 0.05).
In tea, Dyract XP (mean ΔE*, 12.22 ± 2.73) displayed significantly more color changes than did Filtek Ultimate Flowable (mean ΔE*, 4.71 ± 1.4) and Filtek Silorane (mean ΔE*, 3.69 ± 0.76) (p < 0.05). In Coca cola, mean ΔE* values of Dyract XP (15.28 ± 2.61) were significantly higher than those of Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative (1.35 ± 0.34) and Filtek Ultimate Flowable (1.31 ± 0.43) (p < 0.05). In water, the mean ΔE* values of the materials were similar at the end of 30 days.
ΔL* (brightness) values
There was a significant change in the brightness (ΔL*) after a period of 30 days for Filtek Silorane and Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative in water, Dyract XP and Filtek Ultimate Flowable in black tea, and Dyract XP and Filtek Silorane in Coca cola (p < 0.05). A positive ΔL* indicates that the specimens became lighter, whereas a negative ΔL* indicates that the specimens became darker. Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative and Filtek Flowable displayed negative ΔL* in water. All the materials tested showed negative ΔL* in black tea. Moreover, all the materials except Filtek Silorane showed negative ΔL* in Coca cola. In all four materials studied, the maximum change in ΔL* was seen in Dyract XP (-10.87 ± 2.21 in black tea and -14.21 ± 2.81 in Coca cola).
Δa* (change along Red-Green axis) values
There was a significant change in Δa* after a period of 30 days for Filtek Ultimate Flowable and Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative in water, Dyract XP and Filtek Silorane in black tea, and Filtek Ultimate Flowable, Dyract XP, and Filtek Silorane in Coca cola (p < 0.05). A negative Δa* indicates a shift towards green color, whereas a positive Δa* indicates a shift towards red color.13 All the materials showed positive Δa* in each beverage. The maximum change in Δa* was seen in Dyract XP (mean Δa*, 2.64 ± 0.37) after exposure to Coca cola.
Δb* (change along Yellow-Blue axis) values
A significant change was noted for all the materials after 30 days (p < 0.05) in every subgroup. A positive Δb* indicates a shift towards yellow color, while a negative Δb* denotes a shift towards blue color.13 All the materials tested showed negative Δb* in water and positive Δb* in black tea. Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative and Filtek Ultimate Flowable showed negative Δb* in Coca cola. The maximum change in positive Δb* was seen in Dyract XP (mean Δb*, 5.12 ± 1.81) in black tea.
In this study, color changes in resin composites were measured with a VİTA Easyshade Compact device. Anusavice et al. reported that instrumental colorimetry can potentially eliminate subjective errors in color assessment.20 Instrumental techniques for color measurement including colorimetry and spectrophotometry have been reported to be reliable techniques in dental material studies.21 The CIE L*a*b* color system used in this study is a recommended method for dental purposes.12 It characterizes the color based on human perception, and designates it according to 3 spatial coordinates, L*, a*, and b*. L* represents the brightness (value) of a shade, Δa* represents the amount of red-green color, and Δb* represents the amount of yellow-blue color. Absolute measurements are made in L*a*b* color parameters and the color change is calculated as ΔE.12 Hypothetically, if a material is completely color stable, no color difference will be detected after its exposure to the testing environment (ΔE* = 0).13
In the study, the ΔL* values ranged from -14.21 ± 2.81 to 1.26 ± 1.16, Δa* values ranged from 0 ± 0.76 to 2.64 ± 0.37, and Δb* values ranged from -3.87 ± 0.88 to 5.12 ± 1.81. Lightness (ΔL*) decreased in most materials, and Δa* shifted to the red direction for all tested materials. In water, all the materials shifted to the blue direction (Δb*), while the shift was towards the yellow direction in black tea. The findings of the study suggest that the type of restorative material and beverage significantly influence the color stability of the materials. Thus, null hypothesis was rejected.
Dyract XP showed significantly high color change (ΔE* > 12.22 ± 2.73) at the end of 30 days, while Filtek Silorane showed the least color change (ΔE* < 3.69 ± 0.76). It was reported that color difference values (ΔE*) ranging from 1 to 3 were perceptible with the naked eye, whereas values greater than 3.3 were clinically unacceptable for all composites studied.22 Thus, Filtek Silorane in water (ΔE* = 3.05 ± 1.01) and Coca cola (ΔE* = 1.74 ± 0.65), Filtek Flowable in Coca cola (ΔE* = 1.31 ± 0.43), and Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative (enamel) in Coca cola (ΔE* = 1.35 ± 0.34) showed an acceptable color change after 1 month.
Consistent with the findings of this study, Bagheri et al. reported that compomer material F2000 displayed significantly more color change in tea compared to other materials (composite 'Charisma and Durafil'; glass ionomer cements 'Fuji II LC, Photac Fil, and Fuji IX').14 Janda et al. reported that Dyract AP compomer proved to be the most color-unstable material, compared to Durafill, Charisma, and Definite composite materials.23 According to Janda et al., acid-base reaction rather than the incomplete radical polymerization in the superficial layer of Dyract XP could be responsible for the excessive color change of the material.23 Also, the monomer structure and the relatively lower filler content of Dyract XP could be responsible for the excessive color change of the material. Reis et al. reported that high filler content in resin composites can decrease the monomer content and thus enhance color stability, whereas higher resin volume is reported to cause greater discoloration.24 The filler content of Dyract XP (47 wt%) was much lower than that of the other restorative materials (65 - 78 wt%) used in the study. Moreover, Dyract XP is the only material studied here that contains hydrophilic tetracarboxylic acid hydroxyethyl methacrylate ester (TCB) monomer, which causes higher water sorption responsible for the relatively severe color change than other resin composites.23
In this study, Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative and Filtek Ultimate Flowable displayed similar color changes in each beverage. This may be related to the same filler particles of both materials (silica nanofiller and zirconia nanofiller). Also, both the nanocomposites displayed unacceptable color change in water and black tea at the end of 30 days. Color stability of nanocomposites is a controversial topic. In accordance with our findings, Yazici et al. reported that the nanocomposites (Filtek Supreme) showed higher color changes than the microhybrid composites (Clearfil AP-X) after 30 days in tea.25 Villalta et al. showed that the nanocomposite (Filtek Supreme) underwent more significant color change than the microhybrid composite (Esthet-X) in coffee or red wine solutions.26 In contrast, Reddy et al. reported that nanofilled composite resin showed less color change than microhybrid and hybrid composite resins.27 Nasim et al. reported that this finding can be expected, because nanocomposites with smaller particle sizes will have a smoother surface and will retain less surface stains.13
In our study, Filtek Silorane seemed relatively more resistant to discoloration than did Dyract XP and nanocomposites. Consistent with the findings of our study, Palin et al. and Eick et al. reported that silorane-based materials showed good chemical and hydrolytic stability when exposed to fluids, which could be an explanation to the higher color stability of the silorane.28,29 It has been shown that hydrophilic materials have higher degree of water sorption and a relatively higher discoloration value with staining solutions than hydrophobic materials.24 Silorane exhibited decreased water sorption, solubility and diffusion coefficient, which may potentially improve hydrolytic stability compared with conventional methacrylate based materials.28 Also, the resin systems of Filtek Silorane do not contain bis-GMA. Bis-GMA is more vulnerable to staining than the other monomers. The low discoloration of Filtek Silorane may be related to its novel chemistry or lower water sorption rate.
All the materials stored in the water exhibited similar color changes after 30 days ranging between 3.05 ± 1.01 and 4.01 ± 0.88. According to our inference, the absorbed water in this time interval could cause filler-matrix debonding or hydrolytic degradation of the filler and consequently discoloration. In this study, specimens in black tea and water exhibited similar color changes for the resin composites. Garcia et al. reported that the color of composite resin changed over time, regardless of immersion media (saliva, coke, tea).19 Prodan et al. reported that specimens immersed in saliva showed color changes compared to baseline, and these color changes were assumed to be due to water absorption characteristics of the materials.30 The increase of the ΔE* values of the specimens in water can be explained by the water absorption. Water absorption is important because if the composite resin can absorb water, it is also capable of absorbing other fluids, such as coffee or tea, resulting in the discoloration of the material.31
In our study, the highest discoloration was generally observed in the specimens that were immersed in black tea except Dyract XP. Our results were in agreement with those of Nasim et al., Prodan et al., and Malekipour et al. who found that tea produced the greatest discoloration.13,30,32 Garcia et al. reported that discoloration by tea at a high temperature might be due to absorption of polar colorants into the material surface.19 According to Nasim et al., the staining ability of tea could be due to the presence of tannic acid.13
This study demonstrated that specimens in Coca cola exhibited relatively low color change compared to tea and water. In accordance with our study, Bagheri et al. revealed that cola did not produce as much discoloration as coffee and tea, which may be explained by the lack of a yellow colorant in cola.14 Ortengren et al. reported that the pH of the solution seems to have an influence on the sorption and solubility of composite resin materials.33 Although the pH of cola is between 1.5 - 2, acceptable ΔE*Lab values were obtained from resin composites tested in the study. Only Dyract XP displayed an unacceptable color change in Coca cola. Differences in the chemical structure of the materials and the higher hydrolytic stability of the resin composites in comparison with the compomers could be the potential reasons for this conclusion.
All the materials immersed in black tea displayed unacceptable color changes at the end of 30 days. Dyract XP showed the most unacceptable color changes, and the Filtek Silorane was leastly affected. The two nanocomposites Filtek Universal Restorative Enamel and Filtek Flowable showed comparable color changes in all beverages. All the materials immersed in water displayed similar color changes at the end of one month. Filtek Silorane, Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative Enamel, and Filtek Ultimate Flowable immersed in Coca cola displayed similar color changes, whereas Dyract XP displayed significantly higher color changes than other materials at the end of 1 month.

Conflict of Interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

  • 1. Craig R, Powers JM, Wataha JC. Dental materials properties and manipulation. 7th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2000. p. 145-156.
  • 2. Brandt WC, Lacerda RF, Souza-Junior EJ, Sinhoreti MA. Effect of photoactivation mode on the hardness and bond strength of methacrylate- and Silorane monomer-based composites. J Adhes Dent 2013;15:33-39.PubMed
  • 3. Yap AU, Yap SH, Teo CK, Ng JJ. Finishing/polishing of composite and compomer restoratives: effectiveness of one-step systems. Oper Dent 2004;29:275-279.PubMed
  • 4. Ilie N, Hickel R. Investigation on a methacrylate-based flowable composite based on the SDR technology. Dent Mater 2011;27:348-355.PubMed
  • 5. Peutzfeldt A. Resin composites in dentistry: the monomer systems. Eur J Oral Sci 1997;105:97-116.ArticlePubMed
  • 6. Moszner N, Salz U. New developments of polymer dental composites. Prog Polym Sci 2001;26:535-576.
  • 7. Moszner N, Fischer UK, Angermann J, Rheinberger V. A partially aromatic urethane dimethacrylate as a new substitute for Bis-GMA in restorative composites. Dent Mater 2008;24:694-699.ArticlePubMed
  • 8. Marghalani HY. Effect of filler particles on surface roughness of experimental composite series. J Appl Oral Sci 2010;18:59-67.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 9. Turssi CP, Saad JR, Duarte SL Jr, Rodrigues AL Jr. Composite surfaces after finishing and polishing techniques. Am J Dent 2000;13:136-138.PubMed
  • 10. Meyer JM, Cattani-Lorente MA, Dupuis V. Compomers: between glass-ionomer cements and composites. Biomaterials 1998;19:529-539.ArticlePubMed
  • 11. Federlin M, Thonemann B, Schmalz G, Urlinger T. Clinical evaluation of different adhesive systems for restoring teeth with erosion lesions. Clin Oral Investig 1998;2:58-66.ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 12. Bayne S, Thompson G, Taylor D. Dental Materials. In: Roberson TM, Heyman HO, Swift EJ, editors. Sturdevant's art & science of operative dentistry. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2002. p. 135-234.
  • 13. Nasim I, Neelakantan P, Sujeer R, Subbarao CV. Color stability of microfilled, microhybrid and nanocomposite resins-an in vitro study. J Dent 2010;38(Suppl 2):e137-e142.ArticlePubMed
  • 14. Bagheri R, Burrow MF, Tyas M. Influence of food-simulating solutions and surface finish on susceptibility to staining of aesthetic restorative materials. J Dent 2005;33:389-398.ArticlePubMed
  • 15. Dietschi D, Campanile G, Holz J, Meyer JM. Comparison of the color stability of ten new-generation composites: an in vitro study. Dent Mater 1994;10:353-362.ArticlePubMed
  • 16. Dos Santos PA, Garcia PP, De Oliveira AL, Chinelatti MA, Palma-Dibb RG. Chemical and morphological features of dental composite resin: influence of light curing units and immersion media. Microsc Res Tech 2010;73:176-181.ArticlePubMed
  • 17. Janda R, Roulet JF, Kaminsky M, Steffin G, Latta M. Color stability of resin matrix restorative materials as a function of the method of light activation. Eur J Oral Sci 2004;112:280-285.ArticlePubMed
  • 18. Taşkınsel E, Ozel E, Oztürk E. Effects of sports beverages and polishing systems on color stability of different resin composites. J Conserv Dent 2014;17:325-329.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 19. Garcia PPNS, Neto ER, dos Santos PA, Campos JADB, Dibb RGP. Influence of surface sealant on the translucency of composite resin: effect of immersion time and immersion media. J Mater Res 2008;11:193-197.Article
  • 20. Anusavice KJ. Phillips' science of dental materials. 11th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2003. p. 46-51.
  • 21. Liberman R, Combe EC, Piddock V, Pawson C, Watts DC. Development and assessment of an objective method of colour change measurement for acrylic denture base resins. J Oral Rehabil 1995;22:445-449.ArticlePubMed
  • 22. Kim EH, Jung KH, Son SA, Hur B, Kwon YH, Park JK. Effect of resin thickness on the microhardness and optical properties of bulk-fill resin composites. Restor Dent Endod 2015;40:128-135.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 23. Janda R, Roulet JF, Latta M, Steffin G, Rüttermann S. Color stability of resin-based filling materials after aging when cured with plasma or halogen light. Eur J Oral Sci 2005;113:251-257.ArticlePubMed
  • 24. Reis AF, Giannini M, Lovadino JR, Ambrosano GM. Effects of various finishing systems on the surface roughness and staining susceptibility of packable composite resins. Dent Mater 2003;19:12-18.ArticlePubMed
  • 25. Yazici AR, Celik C, Dayangaç B, Ozgünaltay G. The effect of curing units and staining solutions on the color stability of resin composites. Oper Dent 2007;32:616-622.ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 26. Villalta P, Lu H, Okte Z, Gracia-Godoy F, Powers JM. Effects of staining solutions and bleaching on color change of dental composite resins. J Prosthet Dent 2006;95:137-142.PubMed
  • 27. Reddy PS, Tejaswi KL, Shetty S, Annapoorna BM, Pujari SC, Thippeswamy HM. Effects of commonly consumed beverages on surface roughness and color stability of the nano, microhybrid and hybrid composite resins: an in vitro study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14:718-723.ArticlePubMed
  • 28. Palin WM, Fleming GJ, Burke FJ, Marquis PM, Randall RC. The influence of short and medium-term water immersion on the hydrolytic stability of novel low-shrink dental composites. Dent Mater 2005;21:852-863.ArticlePubMed
  • 29. Eick JD, Smith RE, Pinzino CS, Kostoryz EL. Stability of silorane dental monomers in aqueous systems. J Dent 2006;34:405-410.ArticlePubMed
  • 30. Prodan DA, Gasparik C, Mada DC, Miclăuş V, Băciuţ M, Dudea D. Influence of opacity on the color stability of a nanocomposite. Clin Oral Investig 2015;19:867-875.ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 31. Ergün G, Mutlu-Sagesen L, Ozkan Y, Demirel E. In vitro color stability of provisional crown and bridge restoration materials. Dent Mater J 2005;24:342-350.ArticlePubMed
  • 32. Malekipour MR, Sharafi A, Kazemi S, Khazaei S, Shirani F. Comparison of color stability of a composite resin in different color media. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2012;9:441-446.PubMedPMC
  • 33. Ortengren U, Andersson F, Elgh U, Terselius B, Karlsson S. Influence of pH and storage time on the sorption and solubility behavior of three composite resin materials. J Dent 2001;29:35-41.PubMed
Table 1

Material type, composition and filler content of the materials used in the study

Material Type Content Filler content
Dyract XP, Dentsply De Trey, Konstanz, Germany Polyacid-modified composite resin
(compomer)		 Urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA)
Carboxylic acid modified dimethacrylate (TCB resin)
Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA)
Trimethacrylate resin (TMPTMA)
Dimethacrylate resins
Camphorquinone
Ethyl-4(dimethylamino)benzoate
Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT)
Strontium-alumino-sodium-fluoro-phosphor-silicate glass
Highly dispersed silicon dioxide
Strontium fluoride
Iron oxide pigments and titanium oxide pigments		 strontium alimino-sodium-fluoro-silicate glass
Strontium fluoride glass particles (0.8 µm)
(47 wt%, 50 vol%)
Filtek Ultimate Universal, Restorative (enamel) 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA Nanofill composite
Nanocluster		 Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate (Bis-GMA)
Urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA)
Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA)
poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA)
ethoxylated bisphenol-A dimethacrylate (Bis-EMA)		 20 nm silica particuls,
4 - 11 nm zirkonyum particuls
(78.5 wt% - 63.3 vol%)
Filtek Ultimate flowable, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA Nanofill composite
(Low viscosity)		 Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate (Bis-GMA)
Urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA)
Bis((methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl)propane (Bis-PMA)
Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA)
Procrylat resins		 75 nm Silica nanofiller
15 - 20 nm zirconia nanofiller
ytterbium trifluoride filler
(65 wt% - 46 vol%)
Filtek Silorane, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA Silorane composite
(Low-shrink)		 Bis-3,4 Epoxy cyclohexylethyl phenyl methyl silane
(5 - 15 wt%)
Epoxycyclohexylcyclopolymethyl siloxane,
di- and epoxy-functional oligosiloxane trifluoride		 0.1 - 2 µm quartz particles
(76 wt%, 55 vol%)
Table 2

Color changes (ΔL, Δa, Δb, and ΔE) of the tested materials after 30 days immersion in the beverages

Material Subgroup ΔL Δa Δb ΔE
Filtek Silorane (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) Water 1.26 ± 1.16Aa 1.09 ± 0.48ABa -2.2 ± 1.25Aa 3.05 ± 1.01Aab
Tea -2.65 ± 1.61Ab 0.38 ± 0.41Aab 2.1 ± 0.5Ab 3.69 ± 0.76Aa*
Coca cola 0.47 ± 1.11Aab 0 ± 0.76Ab 0.91 ± 0.99ABab 1.74 ± 0.65ABb
Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative Enamel (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) Water -1.02 ± 0.54Ba 0.73 ± 0.13Ba -3.23 ± 0.45Aa 3.5 ± 0.47Aab*
Tea -4.43 ± 1.03ABb 0.88 ± 0.36ABa 3.83 ± 1.16ABb 5.99 ± 1.25ABa*
Coca cola -0.94 ± 0.3ABa 0.33 ± 0.12ABb -0.74 ± 0.59Aab 1.35 ± 0.34Ab
Filtek Ultimate Flowable (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) Water -0.76 ± 0.51ABa 0.07 ± 0.11Ca -3.56 ± 0.44Aa 3.67 ± 0.47Aab*
Tea -3.68 ± 0.66Ab 1.07 ± 0.55ABb 2.63 ± 1.4ABb 4.71 ± 1.4Aa*
Coca cola -0.87 ± 0.39ABa 0.19 ± 0.12Aac -0.47 ± 0.93Aab 1.31 ± 0.43Ab
Dyract XP (Dentsply De Trey, Konstanz, Germany) Water 0.3 ± 0.87ABa 0.51 ± 0.31ABCa -3.87 ± 0.88Aa 4.01 ± 0.88Aa*
Tea -10.87 ± 2.21Bab 1.76 ± 1.25Bab 5.12 ± 1.81Bb 12.22 ± 2.73Bb*
Coca cola -14.21 ± 2.81Bb 2.64 ± 0.37Bb 4.7 ± 1.41Bb 15.28 ± 2.61Bb*

* Indicates clinically unacceptable values (ΔE > 3.3)

Capital letters showed comparison between restoratives for same beverage, lower letters showed comparison of beverages within the same composite; different letters significant (p < 0.05).

Tables & Figures

REFERENCES

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • Color stability of precolored and extrinsically colored monolithic multilayered polychromatic zirconia: Effects of surface finishing and aging
      Feras M. Abounassif, Amal Alfaraj, Thuraya Gadah, Chao‐Chieh Yang, Tien‐Min G. Chu, Wei‐Shao Lin
      Journal of Prosthodontics.2026; 35(2): 169.     CrossRef
    • Discoloration patterns in dental restorations linked to common beverages and spices
      Tarik M. Alakkad, Dania M. Saiemaldahr, Afnan A. Altowyrqi, Abdullah A. Aljabri, Hend R. Dardeer, Nawaf A. Alsaedi, Fayez K. AlKhaldi, Meshari A. Aljohani, Fatimah S. Alqhtani, Rawan H. Alshehri, Yara M. Alshehri
      International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Color Stability and Flexural Strength of Temporary Prosthetic Materials under the Influence of Staining Substances
      Marcele J Pimentel, Andson J de Jesus, Adailton P do Nascimento, André UD Batista, Gabriela C Castro
      The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice.2026; 26(12): 1153.     CrossRef
    • Enamel Integrity and Residual Composite Following Clear Aligner Attachment Removal: A Systematic Review
      Nicolas Nassar, Karim Corbani, Rim Bourgi, Roland Kmeid, Carlos Enrique Cuevas-Suárez, Ahmed A. Holiel
      Clinics and Practice.2026; 16(3): 51.     CrossRef
    • Effect of repair material thickness on shade matching quality of composite resin
      Esraa A. Abdelmoety, Ali I. Abdallah, Eman A.G. Shebl
      Tanta Dental Journal.2026; 23(1): 7.     CrossRef
    • Beverage-Induced Staining and Water Sorption/Solubility of Conventional and Resin-Modified Glass-Ionomer Restoratives
      Fatin A. Hasanain, Rotana M. Abulaban, Nouf S. Almeganni, Hani M. Nassar
      Biomimetics.2026; 11(4): 249.     CrossRef
    • Üniversal rezin kompozitlerin mikrosertliği, yüzey pürüzlülüğü ve renk değişimi üzerine farklı ağız gargaralarının etkileri
      Ayşenur Bulut, Cansu Dağdelen Ahısha, Oya Bala, Sinem Akgül
      Acta Odontologica Turcica.2025; 42(1): 29.     CrossRef
    • In Vitro Study Comparing the Effects of Three Different Beverages on the Color Stainability of two Commercially Available Composite Resins
      Ghadeer Saleh Alwadai, Malak Omar Abdulaziz Alsuhaymi, Reema Fahad A. Aldrewish, Omniah Fahad H. Alkhaldi, Naif Nabel Abogazalah, Nada Ahmad Alamoudi, Saleh Ali Alqahtani, Faisal Hasan Alshehri, Rayed Salem AlBeladi, Mohammed M Al Moaleem
      The Open Dentistry Journal.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Development of a smoking simulation machine to evaluate the effects of smoking on the color change of dental restorative materials
      Ali Nadm Hmood, Maha Mohamed Ahmed Ebaya, Abeer El-Sayed El-Embaby
      Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Evaluation of color stability and surface roughness of smart monochromatic resin composite in comparison to universal resin composites after immersion in staining solutions
      Ammar Shawkat Abdul kareem, Wegdan Mohamed Abdel-Fattah, Marihan Ibrahim Lotfy El Gayar
      BMC Oral Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • The remineralizing ability of self-assembling peptide P11-4, 2% arginine enriched sodium fluoride and functionalized tri calcium phosphate fluoride varnishes in treatment of white spot lesions – a randomized controlled trial
      Bardis Salah Abd Elaziz, Dina Hamdy, Mona Galal, Nagwa Mohammed Ali Khattab
      BDJ Open.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Evaluation of color matching of single-shade resin composites with different background shades: an in vitro study
      Fikret Yılmaz, Melek Taş Çinkılıç, Mücahit Enes Çinkılıç
      Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Effect of food colouring agents on colour stability of various aesthetic restorative materials used in paediatric dentistry - An in vitro study
      Pranali Shelke, Amol Patil, Aishwarya Shelar, Vinayakumar Kulkarni, Snehal Joshi
      Clinical Dentistry.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • The effect of fluoride varnish on the color stability and surface microhardness of bioactive restorative materials: An in vitro study
      Mihriban Gökcek Taraç, Melek Çam
      Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Color Stability of Bioactive Restorative Material vs Nanohybrid Resin Composite: An In Vitro Study
      Esraa H Saber, Mohsen H Abielhassan, Yasser A Abed, Shereen E Fahim
      The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice.2024; 25(3): 221.     CrossRef
    • Effects of different curing methods on the color stability of composite resins
      Massimo Pisano, Alfredo Iandolo, Dina Abdellatif, Andrea Chiacchio, Marzio Galdi, Stefano Martina
      Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Effect of Child Health Drinks on Color Stability of Various Aesthetic Restorative Materials – An In Vitro Study
      Sneha H. Khekade, Shweta Chandak, Miranda George, Niharika Gahlod, Sonal Kothari, Sachin Patil
      Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.2024; 16(Suppl 2): S1423.     CrossRef
    • Evaluating the Color Matching Ability of a Smart Chromatic Technology–Based Composite Resin for Premolar Teeth Restoration
      Kamyar Fathpour, Alaleh Salehi, Pouran Samimi, Amirhossein Fathi, Luca Testarelli
      International Journal of Dentistry.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Effect of whitening concepts on surface roughness and optical characteristics of resin‐based composites: An AFM study
      Ayse Tugba Erturk‐Avunduk, Ebru Delikan, Esra Cengiz‐Yanardag, Izgen Karakaya
      Microscopy Research and Technique.2024; 87(2): 214.     CrossRef
    • Evaluation of the Color Stability and Surface Roughness of a Novel Single-Shade Composite Resin: A Smart Chromatic Technology
      Alper Cumhur, Begüm Büşra Cevval Özkoçak
      Cyprus Journal of Medical Sciences.2024; 9(1): 28.     CrossRef
    • Quantification of Color Variation of Various Esthetic Restorative Materials in Pediatric Dentistry
      Vinod Kumar, Saima Y Khan, Mahendra K Jindal, Pranshu Varshney, Yasser Azim, Aditi Bhardwaj
      International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry.2024; 17(7): 754.     CrossRef
    • Can energy drinks affect the surface quality of bioactive restorative materials?
      Hazal Deniz Kose, Ilayda Giray, Hayal Boyacioglu, Lezize Sebnem Turkun
      BMC Oral Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Can wheel polishers improve surface properties and color stability of monochromatic resin composites?
      Lezize Sebnem Turkun, Cankut Canevi, Alperen Degirmenci, Hayal Boyacioglu
      BMC Oral Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • The effect of fluoride varnish application on colour change due to paediatric drug usage in polyacid-modified composite resin: an in vitro study
      N. Çevik, E. Hazar Bodrumlu
      European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry.2024; 25(3): 385.     CrossRef
    • The optical behavior of nano filled resin composite loaded with graphene oxide nanoparticles
      Heba fathy, Hassan Haroun, Mona Riad
      BMC Oral Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • The Effect of Different Beverages on the Color Stability of Nanocomposite 3D-Printed Denture Base Resins
      Sara H. Almansour, Juhana A. Alkhawaja, Abdulrahman Khattar, Ali M. Alsalem, Ahmed M. Alessa, Soban Q. Khan, Passent Ellakany, Mohammed M. Gad, Shaimaa M. Fouda
      Prosthesis.2024; 6(5): 1002.     CrossRef
    • A Study of the Effects of Medical Dental Laser and Diamond Drill on Dentin Tissue during Dental Restoration Based on Spectral Imaging and Multivariate Analysis of Synchrotron FTIR Microspectroscopy Data
      Pavel Seredin, Dmitry Goloshchapov, Nikita Buylov, Dmitry Nesterov, Vladimir Kashkarov, Yuri Ippolitov, Ivan Ippolitov, Sergey Kuyumchyan, Jitraporn Vongsvivut
      Photonics.2023; 10(8): 881.     CrossRef
    • Time-Dependent Change of Color and Translucency of Recent Restorative Materials in Various Beverages
      Seda Nur KARAKAŞ, Cihan KÜDEN
      Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences.2023; 13(1): 150.     CrossRef
    • An In Vitro Staining Effect of Different Children's Health Drinks on Esthetic Restorative Materials
      Satyam Martha, Rachuri Punithavathy, Madhu Vasepalli, Mythraiye Raparla, Sri Lasya Ponnala, Uday Kumar Chowdary Birapu
      International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry.2023; 16(2): 211.     CrossRef
    • Effect of effervescent C vitamins on the surface roughness and color stability of composite resins: A SEM study
      Ayşe Tuğba ERTÜRK AVUNDUK, Ebru DELİKAN
      Journal of Biotechnology and Strategic Health Research.2023; 7(1): 43.     CrossRef
    • The color change effect of children's beverages on preheated polyacid-modified composite resins
      Deniz Aykam, Ebru H. Bodrumlu
      Tanta Dental Journal.2023; 20(2): 154.     CrossRef
    • Effects of Surface Preparation Methods on the Color Stability of 3D-Printed Dental Restorations
      Zbigniew Raszewski, Katarzyna Chojnacka, Marcin Mikulewicz
      Journal of Functional Biomaterials.2023; 14(5): 257.     CrossRef
    • THE EFFECT OF POVIDONE IODINE AS AN ORAL ANTISEPTIC ON COLOR STABILITY OF DIFFERENT RESTORATIVE MATERIALS
      Melek BELEVCİKLİ, Edanur ÇAKIR, Gamze KILIÇ
      Journal of International Dental Sciences.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Color behavior of composite resin enhanced with different shapes of new antimicrobial polymer coated nanoparticles
      Ghada Naguib, Hisham Mously, Walaa Magdy, Abdulelah Binmahfooz, Osama Qutub, Maher Hajjaj, Mohamed Tharwat Hamed
      BMC Oral Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Color Stability of Nanoparticles-Modified Dental Resin-Based Composites
      Yousif A. Al-Dulaijan, Maram A. AlGhamdi, Emad Azmy, Mohamed Reda Zaki Al-Kholy, Khalid S. Almulhim, Mohamed A. Helal
      Applied Sciences.2023; 13(6): 3870.     CrossRef
    • In vitro evaluation of dental color stability using various aesthetic restorative materials after immersion in different drinks
      Tavga Mustafa Faris, Rukhosh Hasan Abdulrahim, Mohammed Abdalla Mahmood, Gollshang Ahmad Mhammed Dalloo, Sarhang Sarwat Gul
      BMC Oral Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Development of a Hybrid Biomimetic Enamel-Biocomposite Interface and a Study of Its Molecular Features Using Synchrotron Submicron ATR-FTIR Microspectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis Techniques
      Pavel Seredin, Dmitry Goloshchapov, Vladimir Kashkarov, Yury Khydyakov, Dmitry Nesterov, Ivan Ippolitov, Yuri Ippolitov, Jitraporn Vongsvivut
      International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(19): 11699.     CrossRef
    • Longevity of Direct Resin Composite Restorations in Maxillary Anterior Crown Fractures: A 4-year Clinical Evaluation
      B Korkut, M Özcan
      Operative Dentistry.2022; 47(2): 138.     CrossRef
    • Shade Matching of OMNICHROMA Analyzed by Four Digital and Visual Shade Selection Techniques
      Abdalwahab M. Al-Hadithi, Mohammed K. Gholam
      Dental Hypotheses.2022; 13(4): 124.     CrossRef
    • Color stability of resin‐based composites: Staining procedures with liquids—A narrative review
      Gaetano Paolone, Sara Formiga, Francesca De Palma, Luca Abbruzzese, Luca Chirico, Salvatore Scolavino, Cecilia Goracci, Giuseppe Cantatore, Alessandro Vichi
      Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry.2022; 34(6): 865.     CrossRef
    • Color stability and surface roughness of ormocer- versus methacrylate-based single shade composite in anterior restoration
      Maha M. Ebaya, Ashraf I. Ali, Huda Abed El-Haliem, Salah Hasab Mahmoud
      BMC Oral Health.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Comparison of instrumental methods for color change assessment of Giomer resins
      Luiza de Almeida Queiroz Ferreira, Rogéli Tibúrcio Ribeiro da Cunha Peixoto, Cláudia Silami de Magalhães, Tassiana Melo Sá, Monica Yamauti, Francisca Daniele Moreira Jardilino
      Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • EFFECT OF ANTI-HALITOSIS-MOUTH RINSES ON SURFACE PROPERTIES OF RESIN BASED RESTORATIVE DENTAL MATERIALS
      Meriç BERKMAN, Ezgi ALTUNTAŞ, Safa TUNCER, Ferda KARABAY, Mustafa DEMİRCİ, Neslihan TEKÇE
      Cumhuriyet Dental Journal.2022; 25(2): 149.     CrossRef
    • Effect of carbonated beverages on the color stability of bulk and flowable composite resin
      Z. Mohamed Noufal, S. Balaji Ganesh, S. Jayalakshmi
      Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research.2022; 13(Suppl 1): S144.     CrossRef
    • Color Stability of Alkasite Restorative Material: in vitro Studies
      Jihye Ahn, Sangho Lee, Nanyoung Lee, Hyewon Shin, Myeongkwan Jih
      THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY.2022; 49(4): 428.     CrossRef
    • Spectrophotometric Evaluation of Color Stability of New Hybrid and Nanocomposite Materials in Commonly Consumed Indian Beverages
      Shruti S Khade, Anita B Tandale, Shrirang Sangle, Karishma Krishnakumar, Sayali A Maral, Twinkle Talreja
      World Journal of Dentistry.2022; 13(S1): S28.     CrossRef
    • The Effect of Different Dietary and Therapeutic Solutions on the Color Stability of Resin-Matrix Composites Used in Dentistry: An In Vitro Study
      Lígia Lopes-Rocha, José Manuel Mendes, Joana Garcez, Ana Góis Sá, Teresa Pinho, Júlio C. M. Souza, Orlanda Torres
      Materials.2021; 14(21): 6267.     CrossRef
    • A Pilot Study on the Degree of Tooth Staining Caused by Pollen Water and Chlorhexidine: In Vitro Study
      Khalid S. Almulhim, Muhanad S. Alhareky, Ahmed Mohammed AlDakhil, Odai Alsultan, Kasumi K. Barouch
      The Open Dentistry Journal.2021; 15(1): 674.     CrossRef
    • Evaluation of Color Stability of Experimental Dental Composite Resins Prepared from Bis-EFMA, A Novel Monomer System
      Ömer Hatipoğlu, Emine Akyüz Turumtay, AyŞegül Göze Saygın, Fatma Pertek Hatipoğlu
      Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology.2021; 34(3): 297.     CrossRef
    • Clinical comparison of a micro-hybride resin-based composite and resin modified glass ionomer in the treatment of cervical caries lesions: 36-month, split-mouth, randomized clinical trial
      Uzay Koc Vural, Leyla Kerimova, Arlin Kiremitci
      Odontology.2021; 109(2): 376.     CrossRef
    • Longevity of direct diastema closure and recontouring restorations with resin composites in maxillary anterior teeth: A 4‐year clinical evaluation
      Bora Korkut, Cafer Türkmen
      Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry.2021; 33(4): 590.     CrossRef
    • Engineering of a Biomimetic Interface between a Native Dental Tissue and Restorative Composite and Its Study Using Synchrotron FTIR Microscopic Mapping
      Pavel Seredin, Dmitry Goloshchapov, Yuri Ippolitov, Jitraporn Vongsvivut
      International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(12): 6510.     CrossRef
    • Color Shift, Color Stability, and Post-Polishing Surface Roughness of Esthetic Resin Composites
      Yara Khalid Alkhadim, Malak Jameel Hulbah, Hani Mohammad Nassar
      Materials.2020; 13(6): 1376.     CrossRef
    • Color Stability and Micro-Hardness of Bulk-Fill Composite Materials after Exposure to Common Beverages
      Nora Bahbishi, Waad Mzain, Bayan Badeeb, Hani M. Nassar
      Materials.2020; 13(3): 787.     CrossRef
    • Color Stability of CAD/CAM Ceramics Prepared with Different Surface Finishing Procedures
      Burcu Kanat‐Ertürk
      Journal of Prosthodontics.2020; 29(2): 166.     CrossRef
    • Effect of Light Intensity and Curing Time on Color Stability of a Methacrylate-Based Composite Resin Using an LED Light-Curing Unit
      Hosna Teimourian, Negin Farahmandpour, Maryam Zali Moghadam, Hoda Pouyanfar, Narges Panahandeh
      Avicenna Journal of Dental Research.2019; 11(3): 83.     CrossRef
    • Color Stability of Bulk-Fill Resin Composites after Immersion in Different Media
      Sungkyoon Kang, Jihyun Song
      THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY.2019; 46(4): 353.     CrossRef
    • Comparative Evaluation of Color Stability of Nanohybrid Direct and Indirect Resin-based Composites to Indian Spices: An In Vitro Study
      Limly Bal Thaliyadeth, Dhanavel Chakravarthy, Padmaraj Santhanamurthy Neelamurthy, Vijayaraja Selvapandiane, Ambily Jayadevan, Nandini Dimple
      The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice.2019; 20(9): 1071.     CrossRef
    • Changes in the physical properties and color stability of aesthetic restorative materials caused by various beverages
      Ji-Won CHOI, Myung-Jin LEE, Sang-Hwan OH, Kwang-Mahn KIM
      Dental Materials Journal.2019; 38(1): 33.     CrossRef
    • Kompomer Rezinin Renk Stabilitesine İçeceklerin, Ağız Çalkalama Solüsyonlarının ve Diş Macunlarının Etkisi
      Bilal Özmen, Yasemin Nayir
      Cumhuriyet Dental Journal.2018; 21(1): 40.     CrossRef
    • Color of bulk‐fill composite resin restorative materials
      Çağatay Barutcigil, Kubilay Barutcigil, Mehmet Mustafa Özarslan, Ayşe Dündar, Burak Yilmaz
      Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Color stability of different composite resins after polishing
      Stefano Ardu, O. Duc, E. Di Bella, I. Krejci, René Daher
      Odontology.2018; 106(3): 328.     CrossRef
    • Staining susceptibility of recently developed resin composite materials
      Olivier Duc, Emilie Betrisey, Enrico Di Bella, Ivo Krejci, Stefano Ardu
      Journal of Clinical Advances in Dentistry.2018; 2(1): 001.     CrossRef
    • Evaluation of Color Changes of Dental Luting Materials in Food Colorant Solutions
      Canan Akay, Merve Ç. Taniş
      The International Journal of Artificial Organs.2017; 40(9): 503.     CrossRef
    • Direct resin composite restorations for fractured maxillary teeth and diastema closure: A 7 years retrospective evaluation of survival and influencing factors
      Edina Lempel, Bálint Viktor Lovász, Réka Meszarics, Sára Jeges, Ákos Tóth, József Szalma
      Dental Materials.2017; 33(4): 467.     CrossRef
    • Effects of Children's Drinks on the Color Stability of Strip and Zirconia crown
      Ilyong Jeong, Seoksoon Yi, Haney Lee, Daewoo Lee, Yeonmi Yang, Jaegon Kim
      THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY.2017; 44(3): 306.     CrossRef
    • Modification of glass ionomer cement by incorporating nanozirconia-hydroxyapatite-silica nano-powder composite by the one-pot technique for hardness and aesthetics improvement
      Ismail Ab Rahman, Nor Ainon Maziah Ghazali, Wan Zaripah Wan Bakar, Sam'an Malik Masudi
      Ceramics International.2017; 43(16): 13247.     CrossRef
    • Staining Beverages and Cigarette Smoke on Composite Resin and Human Tooth Fluorescence by Direct Spectrometry
      Sergio Eduardo de Paiva Gonçalves, Tânia Mara da Silva, Natália Yamachita da Silva, Lucélia Lemes Gonçalves, Leandro Procópio Alves, Adjaci Uchoa Fernandes
      The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice.2017; 18(5): 352.     CrossRef
    • Efficacy of auxiliary devices for removal of fluorescent residue after bracket debonding
      Rafael Santos Rocha, Fabio Martins Salomão, Lucas Silveira Machado, Renato Herman Sundfeld, Ticiane Cestari Fagundes
      The Angle Orthodontist.2017; 87(3): 440.     CrossRef
    • Color stability of recent composite resins
      S. Ardu, O. Duc, E. Di Bella, I. Krejci
      Odontology.2017; 105(1): 29.     CrossRef
    • The effect of red and white wine on color changes of nanofilled and nanohybrid resin composites
      Saijai Tanthanuch, Boonlert Kukiattrakoon, Thanwalee Peerasukprasert, Nilobon Chanmanee, Parnchanok Chaisomboonphun, Apisara Rodklai
      Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2016; 41(2): 130.     CrossRef
    • Associations between the consumption of carbonated beverages and periodontal disease
      In-Seok Song, Kyungdo Han, Youngkyung Ko, Yong-Gyu Park, Jae-Jun Ryu, Jun-Beom Park
      Medicine.2016; 95(28): e4253.     CrossRef

    • ePub LinkePub Link
    • Cite
      CITE
      export Copy Download
      Close
      Download Citation
      Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.
      Format:
      • RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
      • BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software
      Include:
      • Citation for the content below
      The effect of different drinks on the color stability of different restorative materials after one month
      Restor Dent Endod. 2015;40(4):255-261.   Published online August 7, 2015
      DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2015.40.4.255
      Close
    • XML DownloadXML Download
    Related articles
    The effect of different drinks on the color stability of different restorative materials after one month
    The effect of different drinks on the color stability of different restorative materials after one month

    Material type, composition and filler content of the materials used in the study

    MaterialTypeContentFiller content
    Dyract XP, Dentsply De Trey, Konstanz, GermanyPolyacid-modified composite resin
    (compomer)    		Urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA)
    Carboxylic acid modified dimethacrylate (TCB resin)
    Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA)
    Trimethacrylate resin (TMPTMA)
    Dimethacrylate resins
    Camphorquinone
    Ethyl-4(dimethylamino)benzoate
    Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT)
    Strontium-alumino-sodium-fluoro-phosphor-silicate glass
    Highly dispersed silicon dioxide
    Strontium fluoride
    Iron oxide pigments and titanium oxide pigments    		strontium alimino-sodium-fluoro-silicate glass
    Strontium fluoride glass particles (0.8 µm)
    (47 wt%, 50 vol%)
    Filtek Ultimate Universal, Restorative (enamel) 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USANanofill composite
    Nanocluster    		Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate (Bis-GMA)
    Urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA)
    Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA)
    poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA)
    ethoxylated bisphenol-A dimethacrylate (Bis-EMA)    		20 nm silica particuls,
    4 - 11 nm zirkonyum particuls
    (78.5 wt% - 63.3 vol%)
    Filtek Ultimate flowable, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USANanofill composite
    (Low viscosity)    		Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate (Bis-GMA)
    Urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA)
    Bis((methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl)propane (Bis-PMA)
    Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA)
    Procrylat resins    		75 nm Silica nanofiller
    15 - 20 nm zirconia nanofiller
    ytterbium trifluoride filler
    (65 wt% - 46 vol%)
    Filtek Silorane, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USASilorane composite
    (Low-shrink)    		Bis-3,4 Epoxy cyclohexylethyl phenyl methyl silane
    (5 - 15 wt%)
    Epoxycyclohexylcyclopolymethyl siloxane,
    di- and epoxy-functional oligosiloxane trifluoride    		0.1 - 2 µm quartz particles
    (76 wt%, 55 vol%)

    Color changes (ΔL, Δa, Δb, and ΔE) of the tested materials after 30 days immersion in the beverages

    MaterialSubgroupΔLΔaΔbΔE
    Filtek Silorane (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA)Water1.26 ± 1.16Aa1.09 ± 0.48ABa-2.2 ± 1.25Aa3.05 ± 1.01Aab
    Tea-2.65 ± 1.61Ab0.38 ± 0.41Aab2.1 ± 0.5Ab3.69 ± 0.76Aa*
    Coca cola0.47 ± 1.11Aab0 ± 0.76Ab0.91 ± 0.99ABab1.74 ± 0.65ABb
    Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative Enamel (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA)Water-1.02 ± 0.54Ba0.73 ± 0.13Ba-3.23 ± 0.45Aa3.5 ± 0.47Aab*
    Tea-4.43 ± 1.03ABb0.88 ± 0.36ABa3.83 ± 1.16ABb5.99 ± 1.25ABa*
    Coca cola-0.94 ± 0.3ABa0.33 ± 0.12ABb-0.74 ± 0.59Aab1.35 ± 0.34Ab
    Filtek Ultimate Flowable (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA)Water-0.76 ± 0.51ABa0.07 ± 0.11Ca-3.56 ± 0.44Aa3.67 ± 0.47Aab*
    Tea-3.68 ± 0.66Ab1.07 ± 0.55ABb2.63 ± 1.4ABb4.71 ± 1.4Aa*
    Coca cola-0.87 ± 0.39ABa0.19 ± 0.12Aac-0.47 ± 0.93Aab1.31 ± 0.43Ab
    Dyract XP (Dentsply De Trey, Konstanz, Germany)Water0.3 ± 0.87ABa0.51 ± 0.31ABCa-3.87 ± 0.88Aa4.01 ± 0.88Aa*
    Tea-10.87 ± 2.21Bab1.76 ± 1.25Bab5.12 ± 1.81Bb12.22 ± 2.73Bb*
    Coca cola-14.21 ± 2.81Bb2.64 ± 0.37Bb4.7 ± 1.41Bb15.28 ± 2.61Bb*

    * Indicates clinically unacceptable values (ΔE > 3.3)

    Capital letters showed comparison between restoratives for same beverage, lower letters showed comparison of beverages within the same composite; different letters significant (p < 0.05).
    Table 1 Material type, composition and filler content of the materials used in the study

    Table 2 Color changes (ΔL, Δa, Δb, and ΔE) of the tested materials after 30 days immersion in the beverages

    * Indicates clinically unacceptable values (ΔE > 3.3)

    Capital letters showed comparison between restoratives for same beverage, lower letters showed comparison of beverages within the same composite; different letters significant (p < 0.05).

    Table 1

    Table 2

    Restor Dent Endod : Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics
    © The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.
    Close layer
    TOP