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HOME > Restor Dent Endod > Volume 42(2); 2017 > Article
Research Article The use of auxiliary devices during irrigation to increase the cleaning ability of a chelating agent
Marina Carvalho Prado1, Fernanda Leal1, Renata Antoun Simão2, Heloisa Gusman3, Maíra do Prado2,3
2017;42(2):-110.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2017.42.2.105
Published online: February 3, 2017

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Correspondence to Marina Carvalho Prado, DDS, MSc. Private practice and Researcher, PROCLIN Department, School of Dentistry, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Estrada do Campinho 298A, Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 23070-220. TEL, +55-21-2413-1442; FAX, +55-21-2413-1442; marinaprado@dentistas.com.br
• Received: September 23, 2016   • Accepted: December 13, 2016

©Copyrights 2017. The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Objectives
    This study investigated the cleaning ability of ultrasonically activated irrigation (UAI) and a novel activation system with reciprocating motion (EC, EasyClean, Easy Equipamentos Odontológicos) when used with a relatively new chelating agent (QMix, Dentsply). In addition, the effect of QMix solution when used for a shorter (1 minute) and a longer application time (3 minutes) was investigated.
  • Materials and Methods
    Fifty permanent human teeth were prepared with K3 rotary system and 6% sodium hypochlorite. Samples were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 10) according to the final irrigation protocol: G1, negative control (distilled water); G2, positive control (QMix 1 minute); G3, QMix 1 minute/UAI; G4, QMix 1 minute/EC; G5, QMix 3 minutes. Subsequently the teeth were prepared and three photomicrographs were obtained in each root third of root walls, by scanning electron microscopy. Two blinded and pre-calibrated examiners evaluated the images using a four-category scoring system. Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (p < 0.05).
  • Results
    There were differences among groups (p < 0.05). UAI showed better cleaning ability than EC (p < 0.05). There were improvements when QMix was used with auxiliary devices in comparison with conventional irrigation (p < 0.05). Conventional irrigation for 3 minutes presented significantly better results than its use for 1 minute (p < 0.05).
  • Conclusions
    QMix should be used for 1 minute when it is used with UAI, since this final irrigation protocol showed the best performance and also allowed clinical optimization of this procedure.
  • Keywords: Endodontics; Root canal irrigants; Root canal therapy; Scanning electron microscopy; Smear layer; Ultrasonics
Irrigation of root canal system (RCS) is a crucial stage during endodontic therapy, as it allows cleaning and disinfection beyond the reach of mechanical activity of root canal instruments.1 Effectiveness in the conventional irrigation technique by using syringe and needle depends on RCS anatomy and the depth of needle penetration according to root diameter and curvature.2 This method is capable of inserting root canal irrigants to only 0 - 1.1 mm beyond the needle tip, and it is generally inefficient for reaching mechanically inaccessible regions and the apical root third.1,3
Effective action of irrigating solutions is achieved by direct contact with dentin walls.2 This contact may be restricted by the presence of smear layer (SL) and debris, irrigation method, and/or root canal anatomy, mainly in the apical region.1,4,5,6,7 Therefore, different auxiliary devices and irrigation techniques have been proposed, not only to improve the flux distribution of irrigants, but also to increase their action in RCS.8,9,10,11
The use of passive ultrasonic irrigation produces and transmits acoustic energy by ultrasonic waves from an oscillating file or smooth wire, creating cavitation, and acoustic streaming that increases the effect of irrigants on root canal walls and in mechanically inaccessible areas.2,12 As this process is in fact active, the term ‘passive’ does not correctly describe the technique;12 thus, the term ‘ultrasonically activated irrigation (UAI)’ has been used.
An acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic endodontic finishing instrument, with a size of 25/0.04, named EasyClean (EC, Easy Equipamentos Odontológicos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil) was recently designed to increase the activity of root canal irrigants. As EC operates in reciprocating motion (180° clockwise turn, followed by a 90° counterclockwise turn), this kinematic model may avoid file fracturing or locking within the canals.13 A recent study concluded that the reciprocating activation of EC with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was effective for debris removal from the more apical regions of root canals.13 Therefore, this reciprocating system may yield a further advantageous option among the available auxiliary irrigation devices.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the cleaning ability of UAI and a novel activation system with reciprocating motion (EC) in all root canal regions, when used with a relatively new chelating agent, QMix 2in1 (Dentsply, Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK, USA), as the final irrigation protocol of endodontic therapy. In addition, the effect of QMix solution when used for a shorter (1 minute) and a longer application time (3 minutes) was investigated. The null hypotheses tested were: (1) There were no differences in the cleaning ability among all irrigation protocols; (2) There were no differences in the cleaning ability between UAI and EC devices; (3) There was no difference in the cleaning ability of QMix when used with conventional irrigation in comparison with using it with auxiliary devices.
Sample selection and preparation
This study was approved by the University Ethics Committee (Protocol: 27745514.0.0000.5259). Fifty single-rooted anterior teeth with single canal and straight roots were selected for this study. The presence of immature root, root damage, calcifications, atresic root canals, or root length shorter than 13 mm were established as the exclusion criteria. Using a diamond disc, the selected teeth were sectioned at 12.5 mm from the anatomic apex, and two longitudinal grooves were prepared in the mesial and distal regions of roots to facilitate later splitting of the samples. After this, patency of all specimens was confirmed with a size 10 K file (Dentsply Maillefer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil) and the apical foramen was standardized with a size 25 K file (Dentsply Maillefer).
Chemomechanical preparation
The samples were chemomechanically prepared with the K3 rotary system (SybronEndo, Orange, CA, USA) and 6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution as chemical auxiliary substance. The working length was established at the total root length, in the apical foramen. To ensure that instrumentation occurred in a closed system, the apex was sealed with utility wax. A closed system enabled the authors to simulate clinical conditions, avoiding irrigant extrusion through the apical foramen and inducing production of the vapor lock phenomenon; thus allowing more reliable results. The K3 NiTi instruments were used in the following order (size/taper): 25/0.06 in the cervical and middle thirds; and 15/0.04, 20/0.02, 20/0.04, 25/0.04, 20/0.06, and 25/0.06 in the apical region. Between each file change, 1 mL of NaOCl was inserted with a syringe and needle (10 mL syringe with 25 x 0.7 mm needle) and patency was confirmed with a size 10 K file (Dentsply Maillefer).
After preparation, 10 mL of distilled water (DW) was used to neutralize any traces of NaOCl, and samples were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 10) according to the final irrigation protocol (Table 1): G1, negative control (DW); G2, positive control (QMix 1 minute); G3, QMix 1 minute/UAI; G4, QMix 1 minute/EC; G5, QMix 3 minutes. In G1, the negative control group, DW was used alone at the final rinse; thus, SL was not removed. In G2, G3, and G4, QMix was used for 1 minute, as this is the minimum time required for this solution to act, according to manufacturer, allowing clinical optimization of final rinsing. However, in contrast to G3 and G4, no auxiliary irrigation device was used in G2, denominated the positive control group. In G5, QMix was used for a longer time (3 minutes) with no auxiliary irrigation device, allowing the authors to analyze whether an increase in application time of this irrigant could compensate the non-use of UAI or EC and yield satisfactory results.
In the groups in which conventional irrigation was used at the final rinse (G1, G2, and G5), the needle was introduced in the middle third of specimens. In the groups in which auxiliary irrigation device were used during the final irrigation protocol (G3 and G4), the needle was introduced in the middle third of specimens and EC or UAI were inserted into the apical third of specimens. The UAI was performed with a piezoelectric ultrasound machine (ENAC, Osada Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA) set at 30 Hz, which provided an ultrasonic activation power of irrigants. As regards the use of EC, an electric motor (VDW.Silver Reciproc, VDW GmbH, Munich, Germany), in reciprocation motion, was used, providing agitation of QMix with this kinematic model. Afterwards samples received a final rinse with 10 mL of DW and were dried with absorbent paper points.
Scanning electron microscopy analysis
Samples were longitudinally split into two root halves through the previously prepared grooves, and the most preserved portion was sputter coated with gold for analysis. Then, each root was figuratively divided into three parts measuring 4 mm, equivalent to the cervical, middle and apical root thirds. According to a previous study, three representative images (magnification ×1,000) were prepared in each root third of samples by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JSM 6460 LV, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) at 20 KV.14 Thus, nine images were prepared for each sample, totaling ninety images per group for evaluation.
The SEM images obtained were evaluated by two blinded and previously calibrated examiners. The cleaning ability of irrigation protocols was based on a four categorical scoring system (Figure 1), through qualitative analysis of the existing amounts of SL and debris on the root canal walls and dentinal tubules: Score 1, complete absence of SL or debris; Score 2, the largest part of the root surface without SL and debris; Score 3, the largest part of the root surface covered with SL and debris; Score 4, root surface completely covered with SL and debris without any visible dentinal tubules.14
Statistical analysis
Kappa test was carried out to analyze the interexaminer reliability regarding SEM images. The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn post hoc tests were applied, at a 5% significance level (p < 0.05), to detect statistical difference between the groups.
The Kappa test indicated an excellent agreement between examiners (value of 0.93). All groups presented residual SL and debris on root canal walls and dentinal tubules. No significant erosion was observed in the samples.
Table 2 summarizes the values of SL scores presented by each group and root thirds, with the statistical difference between them. There were differences in the cleaning ability among the irrigation protocols (Kruskal-Wallis test; p < 0.05). The UAI group presented the lowest SL scores and superior results in comparison with those of the other groups evaluated (p < 0.05).
The cleaning ability of UAI was statistically superior to that of the EC device (Dunn test; p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was an improvement in the cleaning ability of QMix when used with auxiliary devices in comparison with conventional irrigation in the same period of time (Dunn test; p < 0.05). Finally, EC group and QMix 3 minutes showed similar results (Dunn test; p > 0.05) and the conventional irrigation with QMix for 3 minutes presented significantly better results than its use for 1 minute (Dunn test; p < 0.05).
All groups presented residual SL and debris on root canal walls and in dentinal tubules, in agreement with the overall findings in endodontic literature.8,10,11,15,16 Although the goal of the final rinse was complete removal of the SL, it seemed to be virtually impossible to achieve the objective by means of all the available techniques. Nevertheless, maximum cleaning of the root canals should be reached without causing the erosion of dentinal tubules, since the presence of SL and debris reduced the effectiveness of disinfecting agents and interfered in the adhesion of filling materials.4,6,17
Statistically significant differences were observed among groups (p < 0.05). Consequently, the first null hypothesis that ‘there was no difference in the cleaning ability among all irrigation protocols’ was clearly rejected. The use of UAI demonstrated the best results, followed by EC and QMix 3 minutes, which presented similar scores. Indeed, the excellence of UAI could not be regarded as a novelty, because it has been well documented in the literature.12,18
QMix agitated with the EC system led to less effective results, probably because this device may reduce the phenomena of acoustic streaming (fast vortex kinematics) and cavitation (creation of steam bubbles or the expansion, contraction and/or distortion of pre-existing bubbles in a liquid) compared with ultrasonic irrigant activation.12 Therefore, the second null hypothesis that ‘there were no differences in cleaning ability between the UAI and EC devices’ was also rejected.
The increase in the application time of QMix up to 3 minutes, without auxiliary devices, yielded similar results to those of the EC group, in which QMix was used for 1 minute. Chelation action of QMix must have been enhanced with time, so that it achieved its optimal effect after 1 minute. This finding may suggest that the absence of an auxiliary device could be compensated by increasing the time of action of this solution. However, the toxic effect of an agent may increase with time and thus the application time of irrigants must be selected with caution.
An increase in the application time of UAI and EC devices may yield better cleaning ability. However, as auxiliary devices increase the flux and effectiveness of irrigants, the use of these devices in association with longer application time of solutions could significantly raise further risks of dentin erosion and toxic effects.8,9,10,11 Therefore, the time used during irrigant activation should be the minimum required for effective results. As an adequate performance was obtained by using UAI for 1 minute, it is unnecessary to increase the application time of QMix with this device. Nevertheless, when associated with EC, a slight increase in the application time of QMix, such as adding 30 seconds, could be interesting to obtain better results. Further researches are required to confirm this assumption.
As regards the cleaning potential of irrigation protocols in the critical apical area, G1 (negative control - DW) and G2 (positive control - QMix 1 minute) presented the worst results, whereas G3 (QMix 1 minute/UAI), G4 (QMix 1 minute/EC) and G5 (QMix 3 minutes) groups showed similarly improved results. The use of QMix for 1 minute was not effective for SL removal in the apical area. As previously stated, QMix probably achieved its optimal effect after 1 minute; however, this application time was insufficient for obtaining effective SL removal in the apical third. Moreover, specifically in this region, G3 (QMix 1 minute/UAI) and G4 (QMix 1 minute/EC) showed similar results. This can be explained because both systems allowed agitation of the solution associated with elimination of the vapor lock phenomenon, improving the irrigant effectiveness. In this aspect, Kato et al.13 observed superior cleaning ability results in the apical region for EC in comparison with UAI. The differences in results can be explained by the methodology. The authors of the cited study used the mesiobuccal root canals of mandibular molars and previously prepared cleaved specimens, while in the present study we used unirradicular teeth and the teeth were cleaved after preparation.
EC is composed of ABS plastic, which reduces or even prevents damage when it comes into contact with the root canal walls. This material also provides the instruments with flexibility, allowing it to be used right up to the working length, possibly even in the presence of curvatures.13 Moreover, the EC file presents a particular ‘aircraft wing’ design, characterized by a central matrix associated with two delicate edges throughout the instrument (Figure 2). These combined design features generate two mechanisms of action, that is, the well-known agitation of solutions, which disperses forces within the canal, and direct contact with the root walls that allows mechanical drag of the adhered debris and biofilms.13
Sodium hypochlorite (0.5 - 6%) is the most widely used chemical auxiliary substance during root canal cleaning and shaping, because it presents a considerable body of supporting evidence.5,19 At the final rinse, EDTA (15 - 17%) is usually associated with NaOCl for SL removal, leading to an undesirable formation of chlorine gas, a toxic by-product. 19,20 Therefore, intermediate flushes with distilled water should be performed to prevent or at least reduce the formation of this by-product.20 QMix 2in1, which is a one-step, ready-to-use solution composed of EDTA and chlorhexidine,17 effectively removes the inorganic portion of SL and kills bacteria,4,21 thereby optimizing the final irrigation protocol and avoiding the formation of chlorine gas during root canal therapy.
QMix solution effectively removed SL in the total area of root canals since all experimental groups presented results that were superior to those of the Negative Control group, in which only DW was used in the final irrigation protocol. However, the method of application of this irrigant must be reviewed. Despite the manufacturer's indication to use QMix for 60 - 90 seconds, the ability of this solution was only effective for cleaning the apical region in this minimum time interval when associated with auxiliary irrigation devices. Hence, the third null hypothesis tested that ‘there were no differences in the cleaning ability of QMix when used with conventional irrigation in comparison with its use with auxiliary devices’ was rejected. The agitation of QMix increased the flux and distribution of this solution, reflecting in cleaner root canal walls and dentinal tubules in apical region.
The use of UAI presented cleaning ability that were superior to those of the EC reciprocating system when these devices were used with QMix for 1 minute. QMix application for 3 minutes presented better results than its use for 1 minute when no auxiliary irrigation device was used. QMix should be used for 1 minute when it is used with UAI, since this final irrigation protocol showed the best performance in cleaning ability and also allowed clinical optimization of this procedure.

Conflict of Interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

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Figure 1

Representative images of the Score system attributed to SEM images (×1,000). (a) Score 1, complete absence of SL or debris; (b) Score 2, most part of root surface without SL and debris; (c) Score 3, most part of root surface covered by SL and debris; (d) Score 4, root surface completely covered by SL and debris with no visible dentinal tubule. SL, smear layer.

rde-42-105-g001.jpg
Figure 2

Photomicrographs of EasyClean. (a) Cross-sectional image of the instrument tip, showing two edges in opposite sides of EasyClean (×150); (b - d) EasyClean instrument body (×50).

rde-42-105-g002.jpg
Table 1

Distribution of groups according to the final irrigation protocol in root canal cleaning and shaping

Group (n = 10) Final irrigation protocol Manufacture
G1 - negative control (DW) 5 mL DW: Conventional irrigation with 10 mL syringe 25 × 0.7 mm needle1 1Injex, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
G2 - positive control (QMix 1 min) 1 mL QMix: Conventional irrigation with 10 mL syringe and 25 × 0.7 mm needle1 1Injex, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
G3 - QMix 1 min/UAI 1 mL QMix + UAI: U-File size 20 tip activated in a piezoelectric ultrasound2 at 30 Hz. 2ENAC, Osada Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
G4 - QMix 1 min/EC 1 mL QMix + EC: EasyClean3 plastic file activated in reciprocation motion with an electric motor4. A single EC file was used in each tooth and discarded after use. 3Easy Equipamentos Odontológicos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
4VDW.Silver Reciproc, VDW GmbH, Munich, Germany
G5 − QMix 3 min 1 mL QMix: Conventional irrigation with 10 mL syringe and 25 × 0.7 mm needle1 1Injex, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

DW, distilled water; EC, EasyClean; UAI, ultrasonically activated irrigation.

Table 2

First quartile/median/third quartile values of smear layer scores

Group / Thirds 1
Negative Control (DW)		 2
Positive Control (QMix 1 min)		 3
QMix 1 min/UAI		 4
QMix 1 min/EC		 5
QMix 3 min
Cervical 3/4/4Ad 2/2/2Ac 1/2/1Aa 2/2/2Ab 2/2/2Ab
Middle 3/3/4Ad 2/3/2Bc 1/2/1Aa 2/3/2Ab 2/2/2Ab
Apical 3/4/4Bb 3/4/3Cb 2/3/2Ba 2/3/2Ba 2/3/2Ba
All thirds 3/4/4d 2/3/4c 1/2/2a 2/3/3b 2/2/3b

The uppercase superscript lettersA-C indicate statistically different values (p < 0.05) in each column (between root canal thirds within each group) and the lowercase superscript lettersa-d indicate statistically different values (p < 0.05) in each row (between groups). DW, distilled water; EC, EasyClean; UAI, ultrasonically activated irrigation.

Tables & Figures

REFERENCES

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
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    • Micro-CT evaluation of different final irrigation protocols on the removal of hard-tissue debris from isthmus-containing mesial root of mandibular molars
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      Clinical Oral Investigations.2019; 23(2): 681.     CrossRef

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      The use of auxiliary devices during irrigation to increase the cleaning ability of a chelating agent
      Restor Dent Endod. 2017;42(2):105-110.   Published online February 3, 2017
      DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2017.42.2.105
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    The use of auxiliary devices during irrigation to increase the cleaning ability of a chelating agent
    Image Image
    Figure 1 Representative images of the Score system attributed to SEM images (×1,000). (a) Score 1, complete absence of SL or debris; (b) Score 2, most part of root surface without SL and debris; (c) Score 3, most part of root surface covered by SL and debris; (d) Score 4, root surface completely covered by SL and debris with no visible dentinal tubule. SL, smear layer.
    Figure 2 Photomicrographs of EasyClean. (a) Cross-sectional image of the instrument tip, showing two edges in opposite sides of EasyClean (×150); (b - d) EasyClean instrument body (×50).

    Figure 1

    Figure 2

    The use of auxiliary devices during irrigation to increase the cleaning ability of a chelating agent

    Distribution of groups according to the final irrigation protocol in root canal cleaning and shaping

    Group (n = 10)Final irrigation protocolManufacture
    G1 - negative control (DW)5 mL DW: Conventional irrigation with 10 mL syringe 25 × 0.7 mm needle11Injex, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
    G2 - positive control (QMix 1 min)1 mL QMix: Conventional irrigation with 10 mL syringe and 25 × 0.7 mm needle11Injex, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
    G3 - QMix 1 min/UAI1 mL QMix + UAI: U-File size 20 tip activated in a piezoelectric ultrasound2 at 30 Hz.2ENAC, Osada Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
    G4 - QMix 1 min/EC1 mL QMix + EC: EasyClean3 plastic file activated in reciprocation motion with an electric motor4. A single EC file was used in each tooth and discarded after use.3Easy Equipamentos Odontológicos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
    4VDW.Silver Reciproc, VDW GmbH, Munich, Germany
    G5 − QMix 3 min1 mL QMix: Conventional irrigation with 10 mL syringe and 25 × 0.7 mm needle11Injex, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    DW, distilled water; EC, EasyClean; UAI, ultrasonically activated irrigation.

    First quartile/median/third quartile values of smear layer scores

    Group / Thirds1
    Negative Control (DW)    		2
    Positive Control (QMix 1 min)    		3
    QMix 1 min/UAI    		4
    QMix 1 min/EC    		5
    QMix 3 min
    Cervical3/4/4Ad2/2/2Ac1/2/1Aa2/2/2Ab2/2/2Ab
    Middle3/3/4Ad2/3/2Bc1/2/1Aa2/3/2Ab2/2/2Ab
    Apical3/4/4Bb3/4/3Cb2/3/2Ba2/3/2Ba2/3/2Ba
    All thirds3/4/4d2/3/4c1/2/2a2/3/3b2/2/3b

    The uppercase superscript lettersA-C indicate statistically different values (p < 0.05) in each column (between root canal thirds within each group) and the lowercase superscript lettersa-d indicate statistically different values (p < 0.05) in each row (between groups). DW, distilled water; EC, EasyClean; UAI, ultrasonically activated irrigation.
    Table 1 Distribution of groups according to the final irrigation protocol in root canal cleaning and shaping

    DW, distilled water; EC, EasyClean; UAI, ultrasonically activated irrigation.

    Table 2 First quartile/median/third quartile values of smear layer scores

    The uppercase superscript lettersA-C indicate statistically different values (p < 0.05) in each column (between root canal thirds within each group) and the lowercase superscript lettersa-d indicate statistically different values (p < 0.05) in each row (between groups). DW, distilled water; EC, EasyClean; UAI, ultrasonically activated irrigation.

    Table 1

    Table 2

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