Analysis of temperature rise on the root surface during continuous wave of condensation technique

Young-Ju Kim; Yun-Chan Hwang; Sun-Ho Kim; In-Nam Hwang; Bo-Young Choi; Young-Jin Jeong; Woo-Nam Juhng; Won-Mann Oh

doi:10.5395/JKACD.2003.28.4.341

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Original Article Analysis of temperature rise on the root surface during continuous wave of condensation technique: Young-Ju Kim, Yun-Chan Hwang, Sun-Ho Kim, In-Nam Hwang, Bo-Young Choi^#, Young-Jin Jeong^#, Woo-Nam Juhng^#, Won-Mann Oh; 2003;28(4):-347.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2003.28.4.341
Published online: July 31, 2003

Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, DSRI, Chonnam National University, Korea.

^#School of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Korea.

Corresponding author (wmoh@chonnam.ac.kr)

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the temperature rise on the root surface while the root canal is being obturated using continuous wave of condensation technique. Maxillary central incisor was prepared for repeated canal obturation. Ten thermocouples (Omega Engineering Inc., Stanford, USA) were placed at 1 mm increment from the anatomical root apex. The real temperature of Buchanan plugger was recorded before insertion into the root canal. The root canal was obturated with continuous wave of condensation technique as described by Buchanan and the root surface temperature was recorded during obturation at 150℃, 200℃, 250℃ and 300℃ temperature settings of System B HeatSource (Model 1005, Analytic technologies, Redmond, WA, USA). After completion of the temperature recording, the dentinal-cementum thickness at each sites was measured. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Scheffe' s test and linear regression test.

The results were as follows.
1. When the temperature was set at 150℃, 200℃, 250℃ and 300℃ on the digital display of System B HeatSource, the real temperature of the plugger at the 1mm point from the tip revealed 130.82±2.96℃, 158.00±5.26℃, 215.92±6.91℃ and 249.88±3.65℃ respectively.
2. The position of 8 mm from the anatomical apex showed the highest temperature increase at each temperature settings and it was significantly higher than those of other positions (p<0.01). The temperature rise was constantly increased toward coronal portion from apex of the root.
3. The maximum temperature increase on the root surface was 2.37±0.09℃ at 150℃ setting, 3.11±0.12℃ at 200℃ setting, 3.93±0.09℃ at 250℃ setting and 5.69±0.15℃ at 300℃ setting respectively.
These results suggest that it be relatively kind to the supporting tissues of the root that the root canal is obturated using continuous wave of condensation technique at 150℃, 200℃, 250℃ and 300℃ temperature settings on digital temperature display of System B HeatSource.
Keywords: Continuous wave of condensation technique; Thermocouple

Fig. 1

Components of tooth model.

Fig. 2

Diagram showing the placement of thermocouples on the root surface.

T1: 1 mm from the anatomical apex, T10: 10 mm from the anatomical apex.

Fig. 3

Schematic illustration of the whole system.

Fig. 4

Maximum temperature increase on the root surface.

Bar represents no significant difference between two temperature settings at the same site on the root surface.

Fig. 5

Representative temperature rise at 8 mm from the anatomical apex of the root by time of measurement.

Table 1

Digital display of System B HeatSource vs real temperature at 1mm from the ML size Buchanana plugger tip (Mean±S.D.)

Table 2

Maximum temperature increase on the root surface

ΔT: Mean of maximum temperature increase, S.E.: Standard Error

T1: 1 mm from the anatomical apex

T10: 10 mm from the anatomical apex

Same character represents no significant difference between two sites at each temperature setting.

Table 3

The dentinal-cementum thickness of the root

T1: 1 mm from the anatomical apex, T10: 10 mm from the anatomical apex.

REFERENCES

1. Schilder H. Filling root canals in three dimensions. Dent Clin North Am. 1967;723-744.Article PubMed
2. Nguyen NT. Obturation of the Root Canal System. Pathways of the Pulp. 1994;6th ed. St. Louis: Mosby Co.; 219-271.
3. Hand RE, Huget EF, Tsaknis PJ. Effects of a warm gutta-percha technique on the lateral periodontium. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1976;42: 395-401.Article PubMed
4. Marlin J, Schilder H. Physical properties of gutta-percha when subjected to heat and vertical condensation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1973;36: 872-879.Article PubMed
5. Barkhordar RA, Goodis HE, Watanabe L, Koumdjian J. Evaluation of temperature rise on the outer surface of teeth during root canal obturation techniques. Quintessence Int. 1990;21: 585-588.PubMed
6. Eriksson A, Albrektsson T, Grane B, McQueen D. Thermal injury to bone: A vital-microscopic description of heat effect. Int J Oral Surg. 1982;11: 115-121.PubMed
7. Eriksson RA, Albrektsson T. The effect of heat on bone regeneration. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1984;42: 705-711.PubMed
8. Eriksson AR, Albrektsson T. Temperature threshold levels for heat-induced bone tissue injury: A vital-microscopic study in the rabbit. J Prosthet Dent. 1983;50: 101-107.Article PubMed
9. Buchanan LS. The continuous wave of obturation technique: 'Centered' condensation of warm gutta percha in 12 seconds. Dent Today. 1996;15: 60-67.
10. Weller RN, Jurcak JJ, Donley DL, Kulild JC. A new model system for measuring intracanal temperatures. J Endod. 1991;17: 491-494.Article PubMed
11. Choi SA, Kim SH, Hwang YC, Youn C, Oh BJ, Choi BY, Juhng WN, Jeong SW, Hwang IN, Oh WM. Infrared thermographic analysis of temperature rise on the surface of buchanan plugger. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2002;27: 382-388.Article
12. Analytic Technology Corp. Instruction guidelines for system B HeatSource model 1005. 1997;Glendora, California, USA.
13. Jurcak JJ, Weller RN, Kulild JC, Donley DL. In vitro intracanal temperatures produced during warm lateral condensation of gutta-percha. J Endod. 1992;18: 1-3.Article PubMed
14. Goodman A, Schilder H, Aldrich W. The thermomechanical properties of gutta-percha. Part IV. A thermal profile of the warm gutta-percha packing procedure. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1981;51: 544-551.Article PubMed
15. Lee FS, Van Cura JE, BeGole E. A comparison of root surface temperatures using different obturation heat sources. J Endod. 1998;24: 617-620.Article PubMed
16. Floren JW, Weller RN, Pashley DH, Kimbrough WF. Changes in root surface temperatures with in vitro use of the system B HeatSource. J Endod. 1999;25: 593-595.Article PubMed
17. Mc Cullagh JJ, Setchell DJ, Gulabivala K, Hussey DL, Biagioni P, Lamey PJ, Bailey G. A comparison of thermocouple and infrared thermographic analysis of temperature rise on the root surface during the continuous wave of condensation technique. Int Endod J. 2000;33: 326-332.Article PubMed
18. Biagioni PA, Longmore RB, McGimpsey JG, Lamey P-J. Infrared thermography. Its role in dental research with particular reference to craniomandibular disorders. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 1996;25: 119-124.Article PubMed

Tables & Figures

Fig. 1

Components of tooth model.

Fig. 2

Diagram showing the placement of thermocouples on the root surface.

T1: 1 mm from the anatomical apex, T10: 10 mm from the anatomical apex.

Fig. 3

Schematic illustration of the whole system.

Fig. 4

Maximum temperature increase on the root surface.

Bar represents no significant difference between two temperature settings at the same site on the root surface.

Fig. 5

Representative temperature rise at 8 mm from the anatomical apex of the root by time of measurement.

Table 1

Digital display of System B HeatSource vs real temperature at 1mm from the ML size Buchanana plugger tip (Mean±S.D.)

Table 2

Maximum temperature increase on the root surface

ΔT: Mean of maximum temperature increase, S.E.: Standard Error

T1: 1 mm from the anatomical apex

T10: 10 mm from the anatomical apex

Same character represents no significant difference between two sites at each temperature setting.

Table 3

The dentinal-cementum thickness of the root

T1: 1 mm from the anatomical apex, T10: 10 mm from the anatomical apex.

REFERENCES

1. Schilder H. Filling root canals in three dimensions. Dent Clin North Am. 1967;723-744.Article PubMed
2. Nguyen NT. Obturation of the Root Canal System. Pathways of the Pulp. 1994;6th ed. St. Louis: Mosby Co.; 219-271.
3. Hand RE, Huget EF, Tsaknis PJ. Effects of a warm gutta-percha technique on the lateral periodontium. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1976;42: 395-401.Article PubMed
4. Marlin J, Schilder H. Physical properties of gutta-percha when subjected to heat and vertical condensation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1973;36: 872-879.Article PubMed
5. Barkhordar RA, Goodis HE, Watanabe L, Koumdjian J. Evaluation of temperature rise on the outer surface of teeth during root canal obturation techniques. Quintessence Int. 1990;21: 585-588.PubMed
6. Eriksson A, Albrektsson T, Grane B, McQueen D. Thermal injury to bone: A vital-microscopic description of heat effect. Int J Oral Surg. 1982;11: 115-121.PubMed
7. Eriksson RA, Albrektsson T. The effect of heat on bone regeneration. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1984;42: 705-711.PubMed
8. Eriksson AR, Albrektsson T. Temperature threshold levels for heat-induced bone tissue injury: A vital-microscopic study in the rabbit. J Prosthet Dent. 1983;50: 101-107.Article PubMed
9. Buchanan LS. The continuous wave of obturation technique: 'Centered' condensation of warm gutta percha in 12 seconds. Dent Today. 1996;15: 60-67.
10. Weller RN, Jurcak JJ, Donley DL, Kulild JC. A new model system for measuring intracanal temperatures. J Endod. 1991;17: 491-494.Article PubMed
11. Choi SA, Kim SH, Hwang YC, Youn C, Oh BJ, Choi BY, Juhng WN, Jeong SW, Hwang IN, Oh WM. Infrared thermographic analysis of temperature rise on the surface of buchanan plugger. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2002;27: 382-388.Article
12. Analytic Technology Corp. Instruction guidelines for system B HeatSource model 1005. 1997;Glendora, California, USA.
13. Jurcak JJ, Weller RN, Kulild JC, Donley DL. In vitro intracanal temperatures produced during warm lateral condensation of gutta-percha. J Endod. 1992;18: 1-3.Article PubMed
14. Goodman A, Schilder H, Aldrich W. The thermomechanical properties of gutta-percha. Part IV. A thermal profile of the warm gutta-percha packing procedure. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1981;51: 544-551.Article PubMed
15. Lee FS, Van Cura JE, BeGole E. A comparison of root surface temperatures using different obturation heat sources. J Endod. 1998;24: 617-620.Article PubMed
16. Floren JW, Weller RN, Pashley DH, Kimbrough WF. Changes in root surface temperatures with in vitro use of the system B HeatSource. J Endod. 1999;25: 593-595.Article PubMed
17. Mc Cullagh JJ, Setchell DJ, Gulabivala K, Hussey DL, Biagioni P, Lamey PJ, Bailey G. A comparison of thermocouple and infrared thermographic analysis of temperature rise on the root surface during the continuous wave of condensation technique. Int Endod J. 2000;33: 326-332.Article PubMed
18. Biagioni PA, Longmore RB, McGimpsey JG, Lamey P-J. Infrared thermography. Its role in dental research with particular reference to craniomandibular disorders. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 1996;25: 119-124.Article PubMed

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Analysis of temperature rise on the root surface during continuous wave of condensation technique

J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2003;28(4):341-347. Published online July 31, 2003

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2003.28.4.341

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Figure

Analysis of temperature rise on the root surface during continuous wave of condensation technique

Fig. 1 Components of tooth model.

Fig. 2 Diagram showing the placement of thermocouples on the root surface. T1: 1 mm from the anatomical apex, T10: 10 mm from the anatomical apex.

Fig. 3 Schematic illustration of the whole system.

Fig. 4 Maximum temperature increase on the root surface. Bar represents no significant difference between two temperature settings at the same site on the root surface.

Fig. 5 Representative temperature rise at 8 mm from the anatomical apex of the root by time of measurement.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Analysis of temperature rise on the root surface during continuous wave of condensation technique

Table 1

Digital display of System B HeatSource vs real temperature at 1mm from the ML size Buchanana plugger tip (Mean±S.D.)

Table 2

Maximum temperature increase on the root surface

ΔT: Mean of maximum temperature increase, S.E.: Standard Error

T1: 1 mm from the anatomical apex

T10: 10 mm from the anatomical apex

Same character represents no significant difference between two sites at each temperature setting.

Table 3

The dentinal-cementum thickness of the root

T1: 1 mm from the anatomical apex, T10: 10 mm from the anatomical apex.

Table 1 Digital display of System B HeatSource vs real temperature at 1mm from the ML size Buchanana plugger tip (Mean±S.D.)

Table 2 Maximum temperature increase on the root surface

ΔT: Mean of maximum temperature increase, S.E.: Standard Error

T1: 1 mm from the anatomical apex

T10: 10 mm from the anatomical apex

Same character represents no significant difference between two sites at each temperature setting.