Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics

Research Articles

Ex vivo comparative analysis of retrievability among four calcium silicate-based sealers for regaining apical patency: Darian Shomali, Timothy Kirkpatrick, Sang Won Kwak, Hyeon-Cheol Kim, Ji Wook Jeong; Restor Dent Endod 2026;51(1):e3. Published online January 14, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2026.51.e3

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Objectives
Efficient retrievability is a key requirement for endodontic sealers. This study evaluated the retrievability of four different calcium silicate-based sealers (CSS).
Methods
A total of 153 single-rooted human teeth with straight canals were decoronated to a standardized working length of 12 mm. The canals were negotiated to working length using K files up to size 15/.02, followed by rotary instrumentation up to 35/.04, 2 mm short of working length. The teeth were randomly assigned to five groups: NeoSEALER Flo (NEO; Avalon Biomed), Ceraseal (CS; Meta Biomed), Endosequence BC Sealer (BC; Brasseler USA), AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer (AHB; Dentsply Sirona), and a negative control group. Sealer application and obturation with a 35/.04 gutta-percha cone were performed. After incubation at 37°C in 100% humidity for 7 days, retreatment was performed until apical patency was obtained, with retrievability assessed by regaining apical patency. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey contrast test were used to determine whether there was a significant difference among the four different CSS (p < 0.05).
Results
Success rates in regaining apical patency were NEO (79.4%), CS (37.0%), BC (50.0%), and AHB (69.7%). NEO demonstrated the highest retrievability, while CS had the lowest (p < 0.01).
Conclusions
The type of CSS used has a considerable impact on retreatment difficulty. Among the tested sealers, Neo- SEALER Flo showed the highest retrievability, making it the most retrievable CSS in terms of retreatment efficacy.

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Effect of moisture and pH on setting time and microhardness of three premixed calcium silicate-based root canal sealers: an in vitro experimental study: Sooyoun Kim; Restor Dent Endod 2025;50(4):e41. Published online November 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2025.50.e41

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Objectives
The study aimed to investigate how environmental conditions impact the setting time and microhardness of premixed calcium silicate-based sealers.
Methods
The setting time and microhardness of three sealers (Endoseal MTA [MARUCHI], One-Fil [MEDICLUS], and Well-Root ST [VERICOM]) were evaluated under four environmental conditions: unsoaked, distilled water-soaked, phosphate-buffered saline-soaked, and pH 5-soaked gypsum molds (n = 12/group/condition). The setting time was measured with Gilmore needles, and microhardness was assessed using a Vickers tester after 3 days. Welch’s analysis of variance and Games-Howell post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis.
Results
The sealer type and environmental conditions significantly influenced setting time and microhardness (p < 0.001). The initial and final setting times were the shortest in the unsoaked samples. For Endoseal MTA and One-Fil, the unsoaked condition exhibited significantly shorter setting times than the soaked conditions. Well-Root ST exhibited significantly longer setting times in acidic conditions. Surface microhardness was highest in the unsoaked group (p < 0.001). Among the soaked groups, the phosphate-buffered saline-soaked group had the lowest hardness for Endoseal MTA, whereas the pH 5-soaked group exhibited the lowest hardness for One-Fil and Well-Root ST. Endoseal MTA consistently demonstrated a lower microhardness than the other sealers (p < 0.001).
Conclusions
Moisture, pH, and solution chemistry influenced the setting time and microhardness of premixed calcium silicate sealers. Although acidic conditions generally prolong the setting time and reduce hardness, the effects vary based on the sealers used and the setting environment.

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Comparison of remineralization in caries-affected dentin using calcium silicate, glass ionomer cement, and resin-modified glass ionomer cement: an in vitro study: Kwanchanok Youcharoen, Onwara Akkaratham, Papichaya Intajak, Pipop Saikaew, Sirichan Chiaraputt; Restor Dent Endod 2025;50(4):e37. Published online November 14, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2025.50.e37

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This study evaluated the ability of calcium silicate cement (CSC) as a remineralizing agent compared with conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) and resin-modified GIC (RMGIC) to remineralize artificial caries-affected dentin.
Methods
Twenty-five class V cavities were prepared on extracted human third molars. Twenty teeth underwent artificial caries induction. The remaining five teeth with sound dentin serve as the positive control. The twenty demineralized teeth were subdivided into four groups (n = 5): carious dentin without restoration (negative control [NC]), carious dentin restored with CSC (Biodentine, Septodont), carious dentin restored with GI (Fuji IX, GC Corporation), and carious dentin restored with RMGIC (Fuji II LC, GC Corporation). Following restoration, the specimens were stored in artificial saliva for 7 days. The elastic modulus was evaluated by a nanoindentation test. The mineral composition was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and the mineral composition at the dentin-material interface.
Results
CSC had a higher modulus of elasticity compared to GI, RMGI, and NC groups (p < 0.05). Higher calcium and phosphorus content was observed under CSC restorations, as indicated by SEM-EDX examination, which may lead to better remineralization.
Conclusions
Compared to GI and RMGI, CSC showed the best remineralization and mechanical reinforcement in caries-affected dentin, indicating CSC for use in minimally invasive restorative dentistry.

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Does the use of different root canal sealers and adhesive resin cements impact the bond strength of glass fiber posts?: Ália Regina Neves de Paula Porto, Rudá França Moreira, Felipe Gonçalves Belladonna, Victor Talarico Leal Vieira, Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal da Silva; Restor Dent Endod 2025;50(3):e29. Published online August 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2025.50.e29

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Objectives
This study aimed to assess the influence of two endodontic sealers on the bond strength of glass fiber posts using conventional and self-adhesive resin cement through a push-out test. Methods: Forty central human incisors were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10) based on sealer (epoxy resin- based or calcium silicate-based) and cement (conventional and self-adhesive resin) types: AH Plus (Dentsply De- Trey)/RelyX ARC (3M ESPE), AH Plus/RelyX U200 (3M ESPE), Bio-C Sealer (Angelus)/RelyX ARC, and Bio-C Sealer/RelyX U200. After canal filling and post cementation, roots were sectioned to obtain one specimen per root third. A pushout test and failure pattern assessment were conducted, with bond strength analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance and Tukey test. Results: AH Plus/RelyX ARC showed the highest bond strength values, with a significant difference in the middle third. The most common failure was mixed (55%), while adhesive failures made up 45%, with 23.5% at the cement/post interface and 21.5% at the cement/dentin interface. Conclusions: AH Plus/RelyX ARC provided the highest bond strength values for glass fiber posts to dentin.

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Cleaning protocols to enhance bond strength of fiberglass posts on root canals filled with bioceramic sealer: an in vitro comparative study: Thiago Bessa Marconato Antunes, Juliana Delatorre Bronzato, Joice Graciani, Ana Cristina Padilha Janini, Rocharles Cavalcante Fontenele, Francisco Haiter Neto, Brenda Paula Figueiredo de Almeida Gomes, Marina Angélica Marciano da Silva; Restor Dent Endod 2025;50(2):e20. Published online May 21, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2025.50.e20

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate whether the agitation protocols using ultrasonic inserts or the XP-endo Finisher R file improved the removal of two different endodontic sealer remnants and the bond strength of fiberglass posts to dentin.
Methods
Seventy-two human teeth were selected. The canals were prepared with Reciproc 50 and Easy ProDesign 30/.10 and root filled according to the endodontic sealer groups: AH Plus or EndoSequence BC Sealer HiFlow. The samples were kept at 37ºC and 95% humidity for 28 days. During the post space preparation, the obturation was removed with Largo burs, and the groups were divided according to the irrigant agitation protocols (n = 12): no agitation, agitation with R1-Clearsonic associated with E1-Irrisonic ultrasonic inserts, or agitation with XP-endo Finisher R file. The fiberglass posts were cemented with RelyX ARC. The roots were sectioned into slices and submitted to the push-out test. Micro-computed tomography analysis was used to check the effectiveness of irrigating solution agitation in the elimination of remnants.
Results
The cleaning protocols with agitation were more effective in increasing the bond strength of posts to dentin for both sealer groups compared to non-agitation (p < 0.05). There was no difference between the same cleaning protocols for the different sealers. Among the different thirds, there was no statistical difference for the same sealer in the different cleaning protocols (p > 0.05).
Conclusions
Both agitation protocols effectively clean root-filled canals sealed with resin-based and calcium silicate-based sealers during fiberglass post space preparation. These protocols result in improved bond strength compared to non-agitation methods.

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Cleaning efficacy and bond interaction of glycine-based air polishing and glass microparticles abrasion on dentin impregnated with premixed bioceramic sealer
Ândresson Aurélio Fernandes Martins, Maria Carolina Sidonio Alves, Bruno Martins Maciel, José Rodolfo Estruc Verbicário, João Felipe Besegato, Wilfredo Gustavo Escalante-Otárola, Milton Carlos Kuga
International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives.2026; 147: 104277. CrossRef

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Review Article

Success rate of direct pulp capping on permanent teeth using bioactive materials: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials: Karem Paula Pinto, Gabriela Ribeiro da Silva, Cláudio Malizia Alves Ferreira, Luciana Moura Sassone, Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal da Silva; Restor Dent Endod 2024;49(4):e34. Published online September 6, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2024.49.e34

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This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the success rate of direct pulp capping (DPC) on permanent teeth, comparing the use of MTA with calcium hydroxide and calcium silicate-based cements. A systematic search was carried out in 4 databases until July 2023. The selection was based on PICOS criteria and only randomized clinical trials were included. The risk of bias was assessed using RoB-2 tool, and meta-analyses were performed using RevMan 5.3 software. The overall quality of evidence was determined using the GRADE tool. Thirteen studies were included. Meta-analyses indicated significantly higher success rate for DPC using MTA compared to calcium hydroxide, while no significant difference was observed between MTA and Biodentine, showing a success rate from 80% to 100% even after 3 years of follow-up. Five studies were classified as having high risk of bias and the GRADE assessment revealed low certainty of evidence. DPC is highly effective for permanent teeth when using MTA or Biodentine. There is a need for future well-designed randomized clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of DPC using newer bioceramic materials.

Citations

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Physicochemical effects of nano type-B bone substitute on pulp protective cement formulations
Njwan Fadhel SHEHAB
Dental Materials Journal.2026; 45(1): 92. CrossRef
Photobiomodulation-assisted pulp capping using nano-hydroxyapatite and mineral trioxide aggregate: Report of two cases
Priya Pal, Rhythm Bains, Promila Verma, Vivek Kumar Bains
Journal of Healthcare Research and Education.2026; 2: 2. CrossRef
Histological Tissue Response to Calcium Silicate-Based Cements Assessed in Human Tooth Culture Models: A Systematic Review
Alberto Cabrera-Fernández, Hebertt Gonzaga dos Santos Chaves, Aránzazu Díaz-Cuenca, Juan J. Segura-Egea, Jenifer Martín-González, João Peça, Diana B. Sequeira, João Miguel Marques dos Santos
Journal of Functional Biomaterials.2026; 17(2): 78. CrossRef
Indian Association of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics consensus statement on deep caries management
Deepak Kumar Sharma, R. S. Mohan Kumar, Shishir Singh, Suparna Ganguly Saha, Meenal Nithin Gulve, Dipali Y. Shah, Sathish Abraham, Shruthi Nagaraja, Raksha Bhat
Journal of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics.2025; 28(8): 714. CrossRef

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Research Articles

Nanoleakage of apical sealing using a calcium silicate-based sealer according to canal drying methods: Yoon-Joo Lee, Kyung-Mo Cho, Se-Hee Park, Yoon Lee, Jin-Woo Kim; Restor Dent Endod 2024;49(2):e20. Published online April 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2024.49.e20

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Objectives

This study investigated the nanoleakage of root canal obturations using calcium silicate-based sealer according to different drying methods.

Materials and Methods

Fifty-two extracted mandibular premolars with a single root canal and straight root were selected for this study. After canal preparation with a nickel-titanium rotary file system, the specimens were randomly divided into 4 groups according to canal drying methods (1: complete drying, 2: blot drying/distilled water, 3: blot drying/NaOCl, 4: aspiration only). The root canals were obturated using a single-cone filling technique with a calcium silicate–based sealer. Nanoleakage was evaluated using a nanoflow device after 24 hours, 1 week, and 1 month. Data were collected twice per second at the nanoscale and measured in nanoliters per second. Data were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann–Whitney U-tests (p < 0.05).

Results

The mean flow rate measured after 24 hours showed the highest value among the time periods in all groups. However, the difference in the flow rate between 1 week and 1 month was not significant. The mean flow rate of the complete drying group was the highest at all time points. After 1 month, the mean flow rate in the blot drying group and the aspiration group was not significantly different.

Conclusions

Within the limitations of this study, the canal drying method had a significant effect on leakage and sealing ability in root canal obturations using a calcium silicate-based sealer. Thus, a proper drying procedure is critical in endodontic treatment.

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Effects of interactions between sealers and irrigants on the physicochemical and surface characteristics of endodontic sealers
Hye-In Kim, Yeon-Ju You, Yemi Kim, Jin-Woo Kim, Young-Eun Jang
Clinical Oral Investigations.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

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Pulp stones: any relevance with the levels of serum calcium, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D and uric acid: Ceyda Gürhan, Ercan Saruhan; Restor Dent Endod 2024;49(2):e17. Published online March 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2024.49.e17

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Objectives

This study evaluated the effect of serum calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and uric acid levels on pulp stone formation.

Materials and Methods

Patients who were admitted to the Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology for dental complaints were registered. Among these patients, individuals who had routine biochemical tests at the same period in the Outpatient Clinics of Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Training and Research Hospital were included in the study. The patients with at least 1 pulp stone on panoramic radiographs recorded as the “pulp stone group” while patients without any pulp stones were the “control group”. Demographic data and serum levels of calcium, PTH, vitamin D, and uric acid were retrospectively evaluated in both groups. Student t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used to evaluate the differences between the groups.

Results

Among 151 patients, dental pulp stone was detected in 53.6% of patients, and 82.7% of these patients were female. Female sex and pulp stone formation were significantly associated (p = 0.001). The mean age of the pulp stone group was 43.9, while it was 39.9 in the control group, without any significant correlation between age and pulp stone (p > 0.05). Similarly, there were no significant differences in serum levels of PTH, vitamin D, uric acid and calcium between groups (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

According to the present study, the effect of dental factors rather than systemic factors should be considered primarily in pulp stone formation.

Citations

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A novel deep learning-based pipeline architecture for pulp stone detection on panoramic radiographs
Ceyda Gürhan, Hasan Yiğit, Selim Yılmaz, Cihat Çetinkaya
Oral Radiology.2025; 41(2): 285. CrossRef
Vitamin D deficiency and oral health: a systematic review of literature
Saida Ziada, Aws Wishahe, Najet Mabrouk, Souad Sahtout
BMC Oral Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between pulp stones and systemic diseases: a retrospective study using digital panoramic radiographs in a Turkish population
Buket Beytaş Alğan, Mustafa Murat Koçak, Sibel Koçak, Baran Can Sağlam
BMC Oral Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Case Report

Garre’s osteomyelitis of the mandible managed by nonsurgical re-endodontic treatment: Heegyun Kim, Jiyoung Kwon, Hyun-Jung Kim, Soram Oh, Duck-Su Kim, Ji-Hyun Jang; Restor Dent Endod 2024;49(2):e13. Published online March 18, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2024.49.e13

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Chronic osteomyelitis with proliferative periostitis, known as Garre’s osteomyelitis, is a type of osteomyelitis characterized by a distinctive gross thickening of the periosteum of bones. Peripheral reactive bone formation can be caused by mild irritation or infection. Garre’s osteomyelitis is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, and the mandible is more affected than the maxilla. The following is a case report of a 12-year-old female patient with Garre’s osteomyelitis of the mandible due to an infection of a root canal-treated tooth. Without surgical intervention, the patient’s symptoms were relieved through nonsurgical root canal re-treatment with long-term calcium hydroxide placement. A cone-beam computed tomography image obtained 6 months after treatment completion displayed complete healing of the periapical lesion and resolution of the peripheral reactive buccal bone. Due to the clinical features of Garre's osteomyelitis, which is characterized by thickening of the periosteum, it can be mistaken for other diseases such as fibrous dysplasia. It is important to correctly diagnose Garre's osteomyelitis based on its distinctive clinical features to avoid unnecessary surgical intervention, and it can lead to minimally invasive treatment options.

Citations

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Focal osteomyelitis with proliferative periostitis
Zarah Yakoob
South African Dental Journal.2025; 79(09): 508. CrossRef
Garré’s osteomyelitis of the mandible in an adolescent: a case report
Wiem Feki, Imen Haddar, Marwa Bahloul, Zeineb Mnif, Thouraya Kammoun, Ines Maaloul
Journal of Medical Case Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Garré’s Chronic Sclerosing Osteomyelitis: An Overview of Clinical and Radiologic Features
Mohamed Fadil, Ayman Farouki, Rachida Saouab, Hassan En-nouali, Jamal El Fenni, Zakariya Toufga
Oxford Medical Case Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Articles

A scientometric, bibliometric, and thematic map analysis of hydraulic calcium silicate root canal sealers: Anastasios Katakidis, Konstantinos Kodonas, Anastasia Fardi, Christos Gogos; Restor Dent Endod 2023;48(4):e41. Published online November 13, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2023.48.e41

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Objectives

This scientometric and bibliometric analysis explored scientific publications related to hydraulic calcium silicate-based (HCSB) sealers used in endodontology, aiming to describe basic bibliometric indicators and analyze current research trends.

Materials and Methods

A comprehensive search was conducted in Web of Science and Scopus using specific HCSB sealer and general endodontic-related terms. Basic research parameters were collected, including publication year, authorship, countries, institutions, journals, level of evidence, study design and topic of interest, title terms, author keywords, citation counts, and density.

Results

In total, 498 articles published in 136 journals were retrieved for the period 2008–2023. Brazil was the leading country, and the universities of Bologna in Italy and Sao Paolo in Brazil were represented equally as leading institutions. The most frequently occurring keywords were “calcium silicate,” “root canal sealer MTA-Fillapex,” and “biocompatibility,” while title terms such as “calcium,” “sealers,” “root,” “canal,” “silicate based,” and “endodontic” occurred most often. According to the thematic map analysis, “solubility” appeared as a basic theme of concentrated research interest, and “single-cone technique” was identified as an emerging, inadequately developed theme. The co-occurrence analysis revealed 4 major clusters centered on sealers’ biological and physicochemical properties, obturation techniques, retreatability, and adhesion.

Conclusions

This analysis presents bibliographic features and outlines changing trends in HCSB sealer research. The research output is dominated by basic science articles scrutinizing the biological and specific physicochemical properties of commonly used HCSB sealers. Future research needs to be guided by studies with a high level of evidence that utilize innovative, sophisticated technologies.

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Top-cited articles on vital pulp therapy for irreversible pulpitis in permanent teeth: a bibliometric analysis
İkbal Sena Çelebi Keskin, Ferda Karabay
Odontology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Agri-Food Sector: Contemporary Trends, Possible Gaps, and Prospective Directions
José Roberto Herrera Cantorani, Meire Ramalho de Oliveira, Luiz Alberto Pilatti, Thales Botelho de Sousa
Metrics.2025; 2(1): 3. CrossRef
Scientific mapping of experimental research on solar cookers: Global trends, evolution, and future directions
Flavio Odoi-Yorke, Bismark Baah, Richard Opoku
Solar Energy Advances.2025; 5: 100093. CrossRef
Bibliometric analysis of the GentleWave system: trends, collaborations, and research gaps
Raimundo Sales de Oliveira Neto, Thais de Moraes Souza, João Vitor Oliveira de Amorim, Thaine Oliveira Lima, Guilherme Ferreira da Silva, Rodrigo Ricci Vivan, Murilo Priori Alcalde, Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2025; 50(2): e17. CrossRef
Top 100 Most Cited Articles on Antibiotics in Endodontics: A Bibliometric Analysis
Hajar Albanyan, Mohammed Asseery, Haitham Alahmari, Ikram Ul Haq, Ali Alaqla
Journal of Endodontics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A Scientometric Review of Practical Applications in Quantum Natural Language Processing (QNLP): Trends, Gaps, and Research Opportunities
Victor R. Silva, Fábio R. Barbosa, Jasson C. Silva, Francisco J. Santos, Ricardo A. L. Rabelo, Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues
IEEE Access.2025; 13: 210169. CrossRef
A bibliometric analysis of global research trend and progress on Dy doped materials
Sangeeta Kadyan, Manju Nain, Ashima Makhija, Poonam Punia, Anil Ohlan, Sajjan Dahiya, R. Punia, A.S. Maan
Journal of Alloys and Compounds Communications.2024; 3: 100006. CrossRef
Comparative bioactivity and immunomodulatory potential of the new Bioroot Flow and AH Plus Bioceramic sealer: An in vitro study on hPDLSCs
José Luis Sanz, Sergio López-García, David García-Bernal, Francisco Javier Rodríguez-Lozano, Leopoldo Forner, Adrián Lozano, Laura Murcia
Clinical Oral Investigations.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Analyzing collaboration and impact: A bibliometric review of four highly published authors’ research profiles on collaborative maps
Willy Chou, Julie Chi Chow
Medicine.2024; 103(28): e38686. CrossRef

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Influence of access cavity design on calcium hydroxide removal using different cleaning protocols: a confocal laser scanning microscopy study: Seda Falakaloğlu, Merve Yeniçeri Özata, Betül Güneş, Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal Silva, Mustafa Gündoğar, Burcu Güçyetmez Topal; Restor Dent Endod 2023;48(3):e25. Published online July 24, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2023.48.e25

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Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of endodontic access cavities design on the removal of calcium hydroxide medication of the apical third of mandibular incisor root canal walls and dentinal tubules with different cleaning protocols: EDDY sonic activation, Er,Cr:YSGG laser-activated irrigation, or conventional irrigation with IrriFlex.

Materials and Methods

Seventy-eight extracted human mandibular incisors were assigned to 6 experimental groups (n = 13) according to the endodontic access cavity and cleaning protocol for calcium hydroxide removal: traditional access cavity (TradAC)/EDDY; ultraconservative access cavity performed in the incisal edge (UltraAC.Inc)/EDDY; TradAC/Er,Cr:YSGG; UltraAC.Inc/Er,Cr:YSGG; TradAC/IrriFlex; or UltraAC.Inc/IrriFlex. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images were used to measure the non-penetration percentage, maximum residual calcium hydroxide penetration depth, and penetration area at 2 and 4 mm from the apex. Data were statistically analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk and WRS2 package for 2-way comparison of non-normally distributed parameters (depth of penetration, area of penetration, and percentage of non-penetration) according to cavity and cleaning protocol with the significance level set at 5%.

Results

The effect of cavity and cleaning protocol interactions on penetration depth, penetration area and non-penetration percentage was not found statistically significant at 2 and 4 mm levels (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

The present study demonstrated that TradAC or UltraAC.Inc preparations with different cleaning protocols in extracted mandibular incisors did not influence the remaining calcium hydroxide at 2 and 4 mm from the apex.

Citations

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Effect of Apical Preparation Size and Preparation Taper on Smear Layer Removal Using Two Different Irrigation Needles: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study
Rania Lebbos, Naji Kharouf, Deepak Mehta, Jamal Jabr, Cynthia Kamel, Roula El Hachem, Youssef Haikel, Marc Krikor Kaloustian
European Journal of Dentistry.2025; 19(03): 678. CrossRef
Combination of Chitosan Nanoparticles, EDTA, and Irrigation Activation Enhances TGF-β1 Release from Dentin: A Laboratory Study
Sıla Nur Usta, Emre Avcı, Ayşe Nur Oktay, Cangül Keskin
Journal of Endodontics.2025; 51(8): 1081. CrossRef

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Case Report

Successful nonsurgical treatment of type II dens invaginatus with 5 root canals using a self-adjusting file: a case report: George Táccio de Miranda Candeiro, Antônio Sérgio Teixeira de Menezes, Ana Carolina Saldanha de Oliveira, Flávio Rodrigues Ferreira Alves; Restor Dent Endod 2023;48(2):e17. Published online April 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2023.48.e17

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The present report describes the endodontic treatment of an Oehlers type II dens invaginatus in a maxillary lateral incisor with 5 root canals, an extremely rare condition. Apical periodontitis and related symptoms were noted. Cone-beam computed tomography was used to aid the diagnosis, reveal tooth morphology, and assist in canal location. The pulp chamber was carefully accessed, and the root canals were explored under magnification. All root canals were prepared with an R25 Reciproc Blue system and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigation. After initial preparation, a self-adjusting file (SAF) with NaOCl and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was used to complement the disinfection. Additionally, calcium hydroxide medication was applied. Vertical compaction was used to fill the canals with a calcium silicate-based endodontic sealer and gutta-percha. After 12 months, the patient exhibited healing of the periapical region, absence of symptoms, and normal dental function. In conclusion, this nonsurgical treatment protocol was successful in promoting the cure of apical periodontitis. Both complementary disinfection with an SAF and use of calcium hydroxide medication should be considered when choosing the best treatment approach for dens invaginatus with very complex anatomy.

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Non-surgical endodontic management of dens invaginatus type II in an immature maxillary lateral incisor using a bioceramic apical plug: A 3-year follow-up case report
Yahya Raja Alharbi, Qayed Saad Alharbi, Shaul Hameed Kolarkodi
Saudi Endodontic Journal.2026; 16(1): 115. CrossRef

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Research Articles

Calcium-doped zinc oxide nanocrystals as an innovative intracanal medicament: a pilot study: Gabriela Leite de Souza, Thamara Eduarda Alves Magalhães, Gabrielle Alves Nunes Freitas, Nelly Xiomara Alvarado Lemus, Gabriella Lopes de Rezende Barbosa, Anielle Christine Almeida Silva, Camilla Christian Gomes Moura; Restor Dent Endod 2022;47(4):e38. Published online October 4, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2022.47.e38

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Objectives

This study investigated the cytotoxicity, radiopacity, pH, and dentinal tubule penetration of a paste of 1.0% calcium-doped zinc oxide nanocrystals (ZnO:1.0Ca) combined with propylene glycol (PRG) or polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol (PEG-PRG).

Materials and Methods

The pastes were prepared by mixing calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)₂] or ZnO:1.0Ca with PRG or a PEG-PRG mixture. The pH was evaluated after 24 and 96 hours of storage in deionized water. Digital radiographs were acquired for radiopacity analysis and bubble counting of each material. The materials were labeled with 0.1% fluorescein and applied to root canals, and images of their dentinal tubule penetration were obtained using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RAW264.7 macrophages were placed in different dilutions of culture media previously exposed to the materials for 24 and 96 hours and tested for cell viability using the MTT assay. Analysis of variance and the Tukey test (α = 0.05) were performed.

Results

ZnO:1.0Ca materials showed lower viability at 1:1 and 1:2 dilutions than Ca(OH)₂ materials (p < 0.0001). Ca(OH)₂ had higher pH values than ZnO:1.0Ca at 24 and 96 hours, regardless of the vehicle (p < 0.05). ZnO:1.0Ca pastes showed higher radiopacity than Ca(OH)₂ pastes (p < 0.01). No between-material differences were found in bubble counting (p = 0.0902). The ZnO:1.0Ca pastes had a greater penetration depth than Ca(OH)₂ in the apical third (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

ZnO:1.0Ca medicaments presented higher penetrability, cell viability, and radiopacity than Ca(OH)₂. Higher values of cell viability and pH were present in Ca(OH)₂ than in ZnO:1.0Ca.

Citations

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Nano calcium zincate-assisted synthesis of benzo[ d ]thiazol-2-yl phenylisoxazoles: quantum computational, in silico molecular docking simulations and DNA interaction
A. K. Smitha, V. Srinivasa Murthy, B. Vinay Kumar, M. Sennappan, A. H. Shridhar, Lohit Naik, K. Yogendra, N. Madhusudhana
Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids.2026; 45(3): 261. CrossRef
Nanomaterial-Enhanced Dentistry: A Clinical Perspective
Selvam Manoj, Radhakrishnan Sreena, Rajkumar Divya, Starlin Ebinesh, Shenbagaraman Akshaya, Srikumar Sugantha Angel, Arputharaj Joseph Nathanael
ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering.2025; 11(8): 4671. CrossRef

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Effects of calcium silicate cements on neuronal conductivity: Derya Deniz-Sungur, Mehmet Ali Onur, Esin Akbay, Gamze Tan, Fügen Daglı-Comert, Taner Cem Sayın; Restor Dent Endod 2022;47(2):e18. Published online March 7, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2022.47.e18

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Objectives

This study evaluated alterations in neuronal conductivity related to calcium silicate cements (CSCs) by investigating compound action potentials (cAPs) in rat sciatic nerves.

Materials and Methods

Sciatic nerves were placed in a Tyrode bath and cAPs were recorded before, during, and after the application of test materials for 60-minute control, application, and recovery measurements, respectively. Freshly prepared ProRoot MTA, MTA Angelus, Biodentine, Endosequence RRM-Putty, BioAggregate, and RetroMTA were directly applied onto the nerves. Biopac LabPro version 3.7 was used to record and analyze cAPs. The data were statistically analyzed.

Results

None of the CSCs totally blocked cAPs. RetroMTA, Biodentine, and MTA Angelus caused no significant alteration in cAPs (p > 0.05). Significantly lower cAPs were observed in recovery measurements for BioAggregate than in the control condition (p < 0.05). ProRoot MTA significantly but transiently reduced cAPs in the application period compared to the control period (p < 0.05). Endosequence RRM-Putty significantly reduced cAPs.

Conclusions

Various CSCs may alter cAPs to some extent, but none of the CSCs irreversibly blocked them. The usage of fast-setting CSCs during apexification or regeneration of immature teeth seems safer than slow-setting CSCs due to their more favorable neuronal effects.

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Endodontic Sealers and Innovations to Enhance Their Properties: A Current Review
Anna Błaszczyk-Pośpiech, Natalia Struzik, Maria Szymonowicz, Przemysław Sareło, Maria Wiśniewska-Wrona, Kamila Wiśniewska, Maciej Dobrzyński, Magdalena Wawrzyńska
Materials.2025; 18(18): 4259. CrossRef

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Comparative analysis of bond strength to root dentin and compression of bioceramic cements used in regenerative endodontic procedures: Maykely Naara Morais Rodrigues, Kely Firmino Bruno, Ana Helena Gonçalves de Alencar, Julyana Dumas Santos Silva, Patrícia Correia de Siqueira, Daniel de Almeida Decurcio, Carlos Estrela; Restor Dent Endod 2021;46(4):e59. Published online November 9, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2021.46.e59

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Objectives

This study compared the Biodentine, MTA Repair HP, and Bio-C Repair bioceramics in terms of bond strength to dentin, failure mode, and compression.

Materials and Methods

Fifty-four slices obtained from the cervical third of 18 single-rooted human mandibular premolars were randomly distributed (n = 18). After insertion of the bioceramic materials, the push-out test was performed. The failure mode was analyzed using stereomicroscopy. Another set of cylindrically-shaped bioceramic samples (n = 10) was prepared for compressive strength testing. The normality of data distribution was analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman tests were used for the push-out test data, while compressive strength was analyzed with analysis of variance and the Tukey test, considering a significance level of 0.05.

Results

Biodentine presented a higher median bond strength value (14.79 MPa) than MTA Repair HP (8.84 MPa) and Bio-C Repair (3.48 MPa), with a significant difference only between Biodentine and Bio-C Repair. In the Biodentine group, the most frequent failure mode was mixed (61%), while in the MTA Repair HP and Bio-C Repair groups, it was adhesive (94% and 72%, respectively). Biodentine showed greater resistance to compression (29.59 ± 8.47 MPa) than MTA Repair HP (18.68 ± 7.40 MPa) and Bio-C Repair (19.96 ± 3.96 MPa) (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Biodentine showed greater compressive strength than MTA Repair HP and Bio-C Repair, and greater bond strength than Bio-C Repair. The most frequent failure mode of Biodentine was mixed, while that of MTA Repair HP and Bio-C Repair was adhesive.

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Evaluation of marginal adaptation and bond strength of apical root canal plugs using different bioceramic cements
Michel Sena Fernandes Faria Lima, Alberto Nogueira da Gama Antunes, Kênia Maria Pereira Soares de Toubes, Fábio Fernandes Borém Bruzinga, Camila de Sousa Caneschi, Luís Fernando dos Santos Alves Morgan, Frank Ferreira Silveira
BMC Oral Health.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessment of Release of Calcium Ions from Apical Plugs of Different Bioceramic Sealers in Regenerative Endodontics for Immature Permanent Teeth
Alok Dubey, Nischitha Naik, Bhavana Sujanamulk, Mushir Mulla, Munaz Mulla, Alkananda Sahoo, Mohamed T Salama, Murali Patla S Bhat
World Journal of Dentistry.2026; 17(1): 69. CrossRef
Obturation quality analysis of furcation perforations repaired with different magnifications and biomaterials
Mustafa Mert Tulgar, Yağmur Kılıç, Merve Işık Aydın, Ali Keleş
BMC Oral Health.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparación de la resistencia compresiva entre el Agregado Trióxido Mineral y BiodentineTM en perforaciones de furca de molares inferiores permanentes
Jheymy Gerardo Huatuco-Granda, John Paul Torres-Navarro, Rosa Josefina Roncal-Espinoza
Revista Facultad de Odontología.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of different calcium-silicate based materials on fracture resistance of immature permanent teeth with replacement root resorption and osteoclastogenesis
Gabriela Leite de Souza, Gabrielle Alves Nunes Freitas, Maria Tereza Hordones Ribeiro, Nelly Xiomara Alvarado Lemus, Carlos José Soares, Camilla Christian Gomes Moura
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation the Marginal Adaptation for the Bio C Repair and Other Root end Filling Material by Using Scanning Electron Microscope (A Comparative In Vitro Study)
Fatimah HAMADHİ, Zainab M.
Cumhuriyet Dental Journal.2023; 26(3): 261. CrossRef
Dentin Bond Strength of Calcium Silicate-Based Materials: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies
Natalia Radulica, José Luis Sanz, Adrián Lozano
Applied Sciences.2023; 14(1): 104. CrossRef
Evaluation Of The Push-out Bond Strength Of The Bio-C Repair And Compare It With The Mineral Trioxide Aggregate And Amalgam When Used As Root-end Filling Material
Fatimah R. Hammadi, Zainab M Abdul-Ameer
Dental Hypotheses.2023; 14(2): 62. CrossRef
Effect of different root canal irrigants on push-out bond strength of two novel root-end filling materials
Nada Omar, Rasha M. Abdelraouf, Tamer M. Hamdy
BMC Oral Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of irrigation systems on the bond strength of calcium-silicate-based cement used as pulp barrier in regenerative endodontic treatment
Cihan Hascizmeci, Burak Buldur
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology.2023; 37(23): 3393. CrossRef

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Push-out bond strength and marginal adaptation of apical plugs with bioactive endodontic cements in simulated immature teeth: Maria Aparecida Barbosa de Sá, Eduardo Nunes, Alberto Nogueira da Gama Antunes, Manoel Brito Júnior, Martinho Campolina Rebello Horta, Rodrigo Rodrigues Amaral, Stephen Cohen, Frank Ferreira Silveira; Restor Dent Endod 2021;46(4):e53. Published online October 20, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2021.46.e53

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Objectives

This study evaluates the bond strength and marginal adaptation of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Repair HP and Biodentine used as apical plugs; MTA was used as reference material for comparison.

Materials and Methods

A total of 30 single-rooted teeth with standardized, artificially created open apices were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 10 per group), according to the material used to form 6-mm-thick apical plugs: group 1 (MTA Repair HP); group 2 (Biodentine); and group 3 (white MTA). Subsequently, the specimens were transversely sectioned to obtain 2 (cervical and apical) 2.5-mm-thick slices per root. Epoxy resin replicas were observed under a scanning electron microscope to measure the gap size at the material/dentin interface (the largest and smaller gaps were recorded for each replica). The bond strength of the investigated materials to dentin was determined using the push-out test. The variable bond strengths and gap sizes were evaluated independently at the apical and cervical root dentin slices. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytic statistics.

Results

The comparison between the groups regarding the variables' bond strengths and gap sizes showed no statistical difference (p > 0.05) except for a single difference in the smallest gap at the cervical root dentin slice, which was higher in group 3 than in group 1 (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The bond strength and marginal adaptation to root canal walls of MTA HP and Biodentine cement were comparable to white MTA.

Citations

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Evaluation of marginal adaptation and bond strength of apical root canal plugs using different bioceramic cements
Michel Sena Fernandes Faria Lima, Alberto Nogueira da Gama Antunes, Kênia Maria Pereira Soares de Toubes, Fábio Fernandes Borém Bruzinga, Camila de Sousa Caneschi, Luís Fernando dos Santos Alves Morgan, Frank Ferreira Silveira
BMC Oral Health.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Application of Biodentine for Apexification of Immature Teeth of Children: A Scoping Review
Liz M Gerard, Sumit Gaur
International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry.2025; 18(5): 573. CrossRef
Evaluation of the root dentin bond strength and intratubular biomineralization of a premixed calcium aluminate-based hydraulic bioceramic endodontic sealer
Yu-Na Lee, Min-Kyeong Kim, Hee-Jin Kim, Mi-Kyung Yu, Kwang-Won Lee, Kyung-San Min
Journal of Oral Science.2024; 66(2): 96. CrossRef
Managing Cracked Teeth with Root Extension: A Prospective Preliminary Study Using Biodentine™ Material
Kênia Maria Soares de Toubes, Isabella Sousa Corrêa, Regina Célia Lopes Valadares, Stephanie Quadros Tonelli, Fábio Fernandes Borém Bruzinga, Frank Ferreira Silveira, Dr Karthikeyan Ramalingam
International Journal of Dentistry.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Marginal adaptation of customized gutta percha cone with calcium silicate based sealer versus MTA and biodentine apical plugs in simulated immature permanent teeth (an in vitro study)
Mary M. Mina, Sybel M. Moussa, Mahmoud R. Aboelseoud
BMC Oral Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative Evaluation of Push-Out Bond Strength of Conventional Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, Biodentine, a Modified Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, and Two Novel Antibacterial-Enhanced Mineral Trioxide Aggregates
Arokia Rajkumar Shancy Merlin, Vignesh Ravindran, Ganesh Jeevanandan, Rajalakshmanan Eswaramoorthy, Abirami Arthanari
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Push out bond strength of hydraulic cements used at different thicknesses
C. Ruiz Durán, Dra L. Gancedo-Caravia, V. Vera González, C. González Losada
BMC Oral Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of different calcium-silicate based materials on fracture resistance of immature permanent teeth with replacement root resorption and osteoclastogenesis
Gabriela Leite de Souza, Gabrielle Alves Nunes Freitas, Maria Tereza Hordones Ribeiro, Nelly Xiomara Alvarado Lemus, Carlos José Soares, Camilla Christian Gomes Moura
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

2,527 View
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9 Web of Science
8 Crossref

Micro-computed tomographic evaluation of single-cone obturation with three sealers: Sahar Zare, Ivy Shen, Qiang Zhu, Chul Ahn, Carolyn Primus, Takashi Komabayashi; Restor Dent Endod 2021;46(2):e25. Published online April 16, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2021.46.e25

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Objectives

This study used micro-computed tomography (µCT) to compare voids and interfaces in single-cone obturation among AH Plus, EndoSequence BC, and prototype surface pre-reacted glass ionomer (S-PRG) sealers and to determine the percentage of sealer contact at the dentin and gutta-percha (GP) interfaces.

Materials and Methods

Fifteen single-rooted human teeth were shaped using ProTaper NEXT size X5 rotary files using 2.5% NaOCl irrigation. Roots were obturated with a single-cone ProTaper NEXT GP point X5 with AH Plus, EndoSequence BC, or prototype S-PRG sealer (n = 5/group).

Results

The volumes of GP, sealer, and voids were measured in the region of 0–2, 2–4, 4–6, and 6–8 mm from the apex, using image analysis of sagittal µCT scans. GP volume percentages were: AH Plus (75.5%), EndoSequence BC (87.3%), and prototype S-PRG (94.4%). Sealer volume percentages were less: AH Plus (14.3%), EndoSequence BC (6.8%), and prototype S-PRG (4.6%). Void percentages were AH Plus (10.1%), EndoSequence BC (5.9%), and prototype S-PRG (1.0%). Dentin-sealer contact ratios of AH Plus, EndoSequence BC, and prototype S-PRG groups were 82.4% ± 6.8%, 71.6% ± 25.3%, and 70.2% ± 9.4%, respectively. GP-sealer contact ratios of AH Plus, EndoSequence BC, and prototype S-PRG groups were 65.6% ± 29.1%, 80.7% ± 25.8%, and 87.0% ± 8.6%, respectively.

Conclusions

Prototype S-PRG sealer created a low-void obturation, similar to EndoSequence BC sealer with similar dentin-sealer contact (> 70%) and GP-sealer contact (> 80%). Prototype S-PRG sealer presented comparable filling quality to EndoSequence BC sealer.

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Tuba Gok, Adem Gok, Haydar Onur Aciksoz
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Assessment of the quality of root canal filling using three different sealers: Micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscope study
Loai Alsofi, Mohammed Yagmoor, Tariq AbuHaimed, Hassan Abed, Ehab Alshouibi, Rafif Mandura, Turki Bakhsh, Hanaa Ashkar, Mey Al-Habib
Saudi Endodontic Journal.2025; 15(2): 152. CrossRef
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Bollineni Swetha, B. Devi Priya, K. Hanisha Reddy, G. Prasanthi, T. Murali Mohan, Dumpa Tejaswi
Journal of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics.2025; 28(7): 613. CrossRef
Assessment of isthmus filling using two obturation techniques performed by students with different levels of clinical experience
Yang Yu, Chong-Yang Yuan, Xing-Zhe Yin, Xiao-Yan Wang
Journal of Dental Sciences.2024; 19(1): 169. CrossRef
Micro-CT determination of the porosity of two tricalcium silicate sealers applied using three obturation techniques
Jinah Kim, Kali Vo, Gurmukh S. Dhaliwal, Aya Takase, Carolyn Primus, Takashi Komabayashi
Journal of Oral Science.2024; 66(3): 163. CrossRef
Ex-vivo evaluation of clinically-set hydraulic sealers used with different canal dryness protocols and obturation techniques: a randomized clinical trial
Nawar Naguib Nawar, Mohamed Mohamed Elashiry, Ahmed El Banna, Shehabeldin Mohamed Saber, Edgar Schäfer
Clinical Oral Investigations.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Hydraulic (Single Cone) Versus Thermogenic (Warm Vertical Compaction) Obturation Techniques: A Systematic Review
Haytham S Jaha
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Yusuke AIGAMI, Tomofumi SAWADA, Shunsuke SHIMIZU, Akiko ASANO, Mamoru NODA, Shinji TAKEMOTO
Dental Materials Journal.2024; 43(3): 420. CrossRef
A Literature Review of the Effect of Heat on the Physical-Chemical Properties of Calcium Silicate–Based Sealers
Israa Ashkar, José Luis Sanz, Leopoldo Forner, James Ghilotti, María Melo
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Assessment of the Prevalence of Head Lice Infestation and Parents’ Attitudes Towards Its Management: A School-based Epidemiological Study in İstanbul, Türkiye
Özben Özden, İnci Timur, Hale Ezgi Açma, Duygu Şimşekli, Barış Gülerman, Özgür Kurt
Turkish Journal of Parasitology.2023; 47(2): 112. CrossRef
Calcium-doped zinc oxide nanocrystals as an innovative intracanal medicament: a pilot study
Gabriela Leite de Souza, Thamara Eduarda Alves Magalhães, Gabrielle Alves Nunes Freitas, Nelly Xiomara Alvarado Lemus, Gabriella Lopes de Rezende Barbosa, Anielle Christine Almeida Silva, Camilla Christian Gomes Moura
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Micro‐CT assessment of gap‐containing areas along the gutta‐percha‐sealer interface in oval‐shaped canals
Gustavo De‐Deus, Gustavo O. Santos, Iara Zamboni Monteiro, Daniele M. Cavalcante, Marco Simões‐Carvalho, Felipe G. Belladonna, Emmanuel J. N. L. Silva, Erick M. Souza, Raphael Licha, Carla Zogheib, Marco A. Versiani
International Endodontic Journal.2022; 55(7): 795. CrossRef
A critical analysis of research methods and experimental models to study root canal fillings
Gustavo De‐Deus, Erick Miranda Souza, Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal Silva, Felipe Gonçalves Belladonna, Marco Simões‐Carvalho, Daniele Moreira Cavalcante, Marco Aurélio Versiani
International Endodontic Journal.2022; 55(S2): 384. CrossRef
Use of micro-CT to examine effects of heat on coronal obturation
Ivy Shen, Joan Daniel, Kali Vo, Chul Ahn, Carolyn Primus, Takashi Komabayashi
Journal of Oral Science.2022; 64(3): 224. CrossRef
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Calkovsky Bruno, Slobodnikova Ladislava, Bacinsky Martin, Janickova Maria
Acta Medica Martiniana.2021; 21(3): 103. CrossRef

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Interface between calcium silicate cement and adhesive systems according to adhesive families and cement maturation: Nelly Pradelle-Plasse, Caroline Mocquot, Katherine Semennikova, Pierre Colon, Brigitte Grosgogeat; Restor Dent Endod 2021;46(1):e3. Published online December 9, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2021.46.e3

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the interface between a calcium silicate cement (CSC), Biodentine and dental adhesives in terms of sealing ability.

Materials and Methods

Microleakage test: 160 standardized class II cavities were prepared on 80 extracted human molars. The cavities were filled with Biodentine and then divided into 2 experimental groups according to the time of restoration: composite resin obturation 15 minutes after Biodentine handling (D0); restoration after 7 days (D7). Each group was then divided into 8 subgroups (n = 5) according to the adhesive system used: etch-and-rinse adhesive (Prime & Bond); self-etch adhesive 2 steps (Optibond XTR and Clearfil SE Bond); self-etch adhesive 1 step (Xeno III, G-aenial Bond, and Clearfil Tri-S Bond); and universal used as etch-and-rinse or self-etch (ScotchBond Universal ER or SE). After thermocycling, the teeth were immersed in a silver nitrate solution, stained, longitudinally sectioned, and the Biodentine/adhesive percolation was quantified. Scanning electron microscopic observations: Biodentine/adhesive interfaces were observed.

Results

A tendency towards less microleakage was observed when Biodentine was etched (2.47%) and when restorations were done without delay (D0: 4.31%, D7: 6.78%), but this was not significant. The adhesives containing 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate monomer showed the most stable results at both times studied. All Biodentine/adhesive interfaces were homogeneous and regular.

Conclusions

The good sealing of the CSC/adhesive interface is not a function of the system adhesive family used or the cement maturation before restoration. Biodentine can be used as a dentine substitute.

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Marie-Laure Munoz-Sanchez, Alexis Gravier, Olivier Francois, Emmanuel Nicolas, Martine Hennequin, Nicolas Decerle
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Abidin Talha Mutluay, Merve Mutluay
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Louis Hardan, Davide Mancino, Rim Bourgi, Alejandra Alvarado-Orozco, Laura Emma Rodríguez-Vilchis, Abigailt Flores-Ledesma, Carlos Enrique Cuevas-Suárez, Monika Lukomska-Szymanska, Ammar Eid, Maya-Line Danhache, Maryline Minoux, Youssef Haïkel, Naji Kharo
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Review Article

Calcium silicate-based root canal sealers: a literature review: Miyoung Lim, Chanyong Jung, Dong-Hoon Shin, Yong-bum Cho, Minju Song; Restor Dent Endod 2020;45(3):e35. Published online June 9, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2020.45.e35

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Epoxy resin-based sealers are currently widely used, and several studies have considered AH Plus to be the gold-standard sealer. However, it still has limitations, including possible mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, inflammatory response, and hydrophobicity. Drawing upon the advantages of mineral trioxide aggregate, calcium silicate-based sealers were introduced with high levels of biocompatibility and hydrophilicity. Because of the hydrophilic environment in root canals, water resorption and solubility of root canal sealers are important factors contributing to their stability. Sealers displaying lower microleakage and stronger push-out bond strength are also needed to endure the dynamic tooth environment. Although the physical properties of calcium silicate-based sealers meet International Organization for Standardization recommendations, and they have consistently reported to be biocompatible, they have not overcome conventional resin-based sealers in actual practice. Therefore, further studies aiming to improve the physical properties of calcium silicate-based sealers are needed.

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Lokhasudhan Govindaraju, Rajeswari Kalaiselvam, Mathan Rajan Rajendran, Aleksandar Jakovljevic, Jelena Jacimovic, Henry F. Duncan, Venkateshbabu Nagendrababu
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Mrunali Dahikar, Ashish Mandwe, Kulvinder Singh Banga, Alexander Maniangat Luke, Suraj Arora, Unmesh Khanvilkar, Ajinkya M. Pawar
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Hye-In Kim, Yeon-Ju You, Yemi Kim, Jin-Woo Kim, Young-Eun Jang
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Shannon Wong, Xiaofei Zhu, Tun-Yi Hsu, Sami Chogle, Russell A. Giordano, Yuwei Fan
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Assessment of Release of Calcium Ions from Apical Plugs of Different Bioceramic Sealers in Regenerative Endodontics for Immature Permanent Teeth
Alok Dubey, Nischitha Naik, Bhavana Sujanamulk, Mushir Mulla, Munaz Mulla, Alkananda Sahoo, Mohamed T Salama, Murali Patla S Bhat
World Journal of Dentistry.2026; 17(1): 69. CrossRef
Push-out bond strength of bioceramic-based sealers following different irrigation activation techniques
Fatma Begüm Peker, Hümeyra Çapkın, Ahsen Narbay
Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of Different Tapered Gutta-Percha Points on Push-Out Bond Strength of Two Root Canal Sealers
Warattama Suksaphar, Pakit Tungsawat, Ninnita Wongwatanasanti, Siripat Lertnantapanya, Prattana Yodmanothum
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Mir Ahmad Nabavi, Mahmood Reza Kalantar Motamedi, Pedram Fattahi, Saber Khazaei
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Basil Almutairi, Fahad Alkhudhairy
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Research Articles

Calcium hydroxide intracanal medication effects on pain and flare-up: a systematic review and meta-analysis: Ahmed Mohamed Ibrahim, Siza Yacoub Zakhary, Suzan Abdul Wanees Amin; Restor Dent Endod 2020;45(3):e26. Published online May 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2020.45.e26

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Objectives

This study aimed to systematically review the pain and flare-up effects of calcium hydroxide (CH) as intracanal medication (ICM) in non-vital mature teeth.

Materials and Methods

Electronic-databases searching for published and grey literature and manual searching were conducted. Only randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included comparing CH to other ICMs in non-vital mature teeth. The risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2.0 Cochrane tool. The main outcomes were pain and flare-up. Qualitative and quantitative analysis, wherever applicable, was performed. The certainty of evidence (CoE) was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE).

Results

Sixteen articles were included in 6 comparisons at different time points for different outcomes. CH reduced pain risk than no ICM within the 1–14-days interval (p < 0.05) and than triple-antibiotic paste within the first day (p < 0.05) and was similar to corticosteroid/antibiotics combination (p > 0.05). Chlorhexidine (CHX) or CH/CHX, however, reduced pain levels than CH alone (p < 0.05). CH showed higher flare-up risk than CHX (p < 0.05). CoE, however, ranged from very low to moderate.

Conclusion

Most comparisons for different outcomes are based on very few studies, mostly low-powered, with an overall low CoE. Thus, the available evidence is considered insufficient to either support or refute CH effectiveness or to recommend one ICM over another. Therefore, further well-designed, larger RCTs are required.

Trial Registration

PROSPERO database Identifier: CRD42016041953

Citations

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A micro-computed tomographic evaluation of root canal filling with a single gutta-percha cone and calcium silicate sealer: Jong Cheon Kim, Maung Maung Kyaw Moe, Sung Kyo Kim; Restor Dent Endod 2020;45(2):e18. Published online February 12, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2020.45.e18

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Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the void of root canal filling over time when a calcium silicate sealer was used in the single gutta-percha cone technique.

Materials and Methods

Twenty-four J-shaped simulated root canals and twenty-four palatal root canals from extracted human maxillary molars were instrumented with ProFile Ni-Ti rotary instruments up to size 35/0.06 or size 40/0.06, respectively. Half of the canals were filled with Endoseal MTA and the other half were with AH Plus Jet using the single gutta-percha cone technique. Immediately after and 4 weeks after the root canal filling, the samples were scanned using micro-computed tomography at a resolution of 12.8 μm. The scanned images were reconstructed using the NRecon software and the void percentages were calculated using the CTan software, and statistically analyzed by 1-way analysis of variance, paired t-test and Tukey post hoc test.

Results

After 4 weeks, there were no significant changes in the void percentages at all levels in both material groups (p > 0.05), except at the apical level of the AH Plus Jet group (p < 0.05) in the simulated root canal showing more void percentage compared to other groups. Immediately after filling the extracted human root canals, the Endoseal MTA group showed significantly less void percentage compared to the AH Plus Jet group (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Under the limitations of this study, the Endoseal MTA does not seem to reduce the voids over time.

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Comparative analysis between resin-based root canal sealer and recent bioceramic-based root canal sealers using MicroCT, film thickness, and solubility
Amira Galal Ismail, Manar M. Galal, Tamer M. Hamdy
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Evaluation of various obturation techniques with bioceramic sealers in 3D-printed C-shaped canals
Maryam Gharechahi, Melika Hoseinzadeh, Saeed Moradi, Mina Mehrjouei
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Comparison of obturation quality in natural and replica teeth root-filled using different sealers and techniques
Chuta Kooanantkul, Richard M Shelton, Josette Camilleri
Clinical Oral Investigations.2023; 27(5): 2407. CrossRef
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N. Linas, M.-L. Munoz-Sanchez, N. Decerle, P.-Y. Cousson
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The Effect of Sealer Application Methods on Voids Volume after Aging of Three Calcium Silicate-Based Sealers: A Micro-Computed Tomography Study
Amre R. Atmeh, Rakan Alharbi, Ibrahim Aljamaan, Abdulrahman Alahmari, Ashwin C. Shetty, Ahmed Jamleh, Imran Farooq
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Clinical Efficacy of Sealer-based Obturation Using Calcium Silicate Sealers: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Ji-hyung Kim, Sin-Yeon Cho, Yoonwoo Choi, Do-hyun Kim, Su-Jung Shin, Il-Young Jung
Journal of Endodontics.2022; 48(2): 144. CrossRef
A critical analysis of research methods and experimental models to study root canal fillings
Gustavo De‐Deus, Erick Miranda Souza, Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal Silva, Felipe Gonçalves Belladonna, Marco Simões‐Carvalho, Daniele Moreira Cavalcante, Marco Aurélio Versiani
International Endodontic Journal.2022; 55(S2): 384. CrossRef
Calcium Silicate Cements vs. Epoxy Resin Based Cements: Narrative Review
Mario Dioguardi, Cristian Quarta, Diego Sovereto, Giuseppe Troiano, Khrystyna Zhurakivska, Maria Bizzoca, Lorenzo Lo Muzio, Lucio Lo Russo
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Mehrsima Ghavami-Lahiji, Reza Tayefeh Davalloo, Gelareh Tajziehchi, Paria Shams
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Main and Accessory Canal Filling Quality of a Premixed Calcium Silicate Endodontic Sealer According to Different Obturation Techniques
Su-Yeon Ko, Hae Won Choi, E-Deun Jeong, Vinicius Rosa, Yun-Chan Hwang, Mi-Kyung Yu, Kyung-San Min
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A micro-computed tomography evaluation of voids using calcium silicate-based materials in teeth with simulated internal root resorption: Vildan Tek, Sevinç Aktemur Türker; Restor Dent Endod 2020;45(1):e5. Published online November 29, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2020.45.e5

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Objectives

The obturation quality of MTA, Biodentine, Total Fill BC root canal sealer (RCS), and warm gutta-percha (WGP) in teeth with simulated internal root resorption (IRR) was evaluated by using micro-computed tomography.

Materials and Methods

Standardized IRR cavities were created using 40 extracted maxillary central incisor teeth and randomly assigned into 4 groups (n = 10). IRR cavities were filled with MTA, Biodentine, Total Fill BC RCS (bulk-fill form) and WGP + Total Fill BC RCS. Percentage of voids between resorptive cavity walls and obturation material (external void), and inside the filling materials (internal voids) were measured.

Results

Total Fill BC sealer in the bulk-fill form presented significantly highest values of external and internal void percentages (p < 0.05). Biodentine showed a significantly lowest external void percentage (p < 0.05). WGP + Total Fill BC RCS presented significantly lower values of internal void percentages than all groups (p < 0.05), except Biodentine (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

None of the filling materials were created void-free obturation in resorption cavities. Biodentine may favor its application in teeth with IRR over Angelus MTA and bulk-fill form of Total Fill BC.

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Removal of AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer from Artificial Internal Resorption Cavities Using Different Irrigation Activation Systems
Mine Büker, Meltem Sümbüllü, Emine Şimşek, Fadime Sena Sezer
Cumhuriyet Dental Journal.2025; 28(3): 383. CrossRef
Functional and Bioactive Performance of Premixed Bioceramic Sealers with Warm Obturation: A Scoping Review
Patryk Wiśniewski, Stanisław Krokosz, Małgorzata Pietruska, Anna Zalewska
Gels.2025; 11(11): 932. CrossRef
Evaluation of the effectiveness of different supplemental cleaning techniques in the retreatment of roots with small simulated internal resorption cavities: an in vitro comparative study
Sine Güngör Us, Özgür Uzun, Nazlı Merve Güngör
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Evaluation of Different Techniques and Materials for Filling in 3-dimensional Printed Teeth Replicas with Perforating Internal Resorption by Means of Micro–Computed Tomography
Angelo J.S. Torres-Carrillo, Helena C. Assis, Rodrigo E. Salazar-Gamarra, Leonardo Moreira Teodosio, Alice C. Silva-Sousa, Jardel F. Mazzi-Chaves, Priscila B. Ferreira-Soares, Manoel D. Sousa-Neto, Fabiane C. Lopes-Olhê
Journal of Endodontics.2024; 50(2): 205. CrossRef
Three-Dimensional Measurement of Obturation Quality of Bioceramic Materials in Filling Artificial Internal Root Resorption Cavities Using Different Obturation Techniques: An In Vitro Comparative Study
Ammar M. Sharki, Ahmed H. Ali
Journal of Endodontics.2024; 50(7): 997. CrossRef
Evaluation of calcium hydroxide root canal filling materials by cone beam computed tomography and three-dimensional modeling
Asel Usdat Ozturk, Ekin Dogan, Venus Seyedoskuyi, Berk Senguler, Asli Topaloglu-Ak
Folia Medica.2024; 66(2): 250. CrossRef
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S Küçükkaya Eren
Australian Dental Journal.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Gustavo De‐Deus, Erick Miranda Souza, Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal Silva, Felipe Gonçalves Belladonna, Marco Simões‐Carvalho, Daniele Moreira Cavalcante, Marco Aurélio Versiani
International Endodontic Journal.2022; 55(S2): 384. CrossRef
An Updated Review on Properties and Indications of Calcium Silicate‐Based Cements in Endodontic Therapy
Fateme Eskandari, Alireza Razavian, Rozhina Hamidi, Khadije Yousefi, Susan Borzou, Zohaib Khurshid
International Journal of Dentistry.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy Of Calcium Silicate-Based Sealers In Root Canal Treatment: A Systematic Review
Hattan Mohammed Omar Baismail, Mohammed Ghazi Moiser Albalawi, Alaa Mofareh Thoilek Alanazi, Muhannad Atallah Saleem Alatawi, Badr Soliman Alhussain
Annals of Dental Specialty.2021; 9(1): 87. CrossRef

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Bioactivity of endodontic biomaterials on dental pulp stem cells through dentin: Bahar Javid, Narges Panahandeh, Hassan Torabzadeh, Hamid Nazarian, Ardavan Parhizkar, Saeed Asgary; Restor Dent Endod 2020;45(1):e3. Published online November 4, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2020.45.e3

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Objectives

This study investigated the indirect effect of calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), as 2 calcium silicate-based hydraulic cements, on human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) through different dentin thicknesses.

Materials and Methods

Two-chamber setups were designed to simulate indirect pulp capping (IPC). Human molars were sectioned to obtain 0.1-, 0.3-, and 0.5-mm-thick dentin discs, which were placed between the 2 chambers to simulate an IPC procedure. Then, MTA and CEM were applied on one side of the discs, while hDPSCs were cultured on the other side. After 2 weeks of incubation, the cells were removed, and cell proliferation, morphology, and attachment to the discs were evaluated under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDXA) spectroscopy was performed for elemental analysis. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was assessed quantitatively. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests.

Results

SEM micrographs revealed elongated cells, collagen fibers, and calcified nucleations in all samples. EDXA verified that the calcified nucleations consisted of calcium phosphate. The largest calcifications were seen in the 0.1-mm-thick dentin subgroups. There was no significant difference in ALP activity across the CEM subgroups; however, ALP activity was significantly lower in the 0.1-mm-thick dentin subgroup than in the other MTA subgroups (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The employed capping biomaterials exerted biological activity on hDPSCs, as shown by cell proliferation, morphology, and attachment and calcific precipitations, through 0.1- to 0.5-mm-thick layers of dentin. In IPC, the bioactivity of these endodontic biomaterials is probably beneficial.

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Ali Cheayto, Sara Ayoub, Sarah Ayad Al-Tameemi, Mohammad Fayyad-Kazan
Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express.2025; 11(6): 062004. CrossRef
Effect of pulp capping materials on odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells: An in vitro study
Mahmoud M. Bakr, Mohamed Shamel, Shereen N. Raafat, Robert M. Love, Mahmoud M. Al‐Ankily
Clinical and Experimental Dental Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy.2024; 19(4): 587. CrossRef
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Saeed Asgary, Mahtab Aram, Mahta Fazlyab
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Basma Ahmed, Mai H. Ragab, Rania A. Galhom, Hayam Y. Hassan
BMC Oral Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Characterization of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Responses to Functional Biomaterials Including Mineralized Trioxide Aggregates
Sejin Bae, Bueonguk Kang, Hyungbin Lee, Harrison Luu, Eric Mullins, Karl Kingsley
Journal of Functional Biomaterials.2021; 12(1): 15. CrossRef
Incorporation of amoxicillin-loaded microspheres in mineral trioxide aggregate cement: an in vitro study
Fábio Rocha Bohns, Vicente Castelo Branco Leitune, Isadora Martini Garcia, Bruna Genari, Nélio Bairros Dornelles, Silvia Stanisçuaski Guterres, Fabrício Aulo Ogliari, Mary Anne Sampaio de Melo, Fabrício Mezzomo Collares
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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13 Download
8 Crossref

Review Article

Effect of calcium hydroxide on inflammatory root resorption and ankylosis in replanted teeth compared with other intracanal materials: a review: Maryam Zare Jahromi, Mahmood Reza Kalantar Motamedi; Restor Dent Endod 2019;44(3):e32. Published online August 1, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2019.44.e32

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Calcium hydroxide (CH) is the gold-standard intracanal dressing for teeth subjected to traumatic avulsion. A common complication after the replantation of avulsed teeth is root resorption (RR). The current review was conducted to compare the effect of CH with that of other intracanal medications and filling materials on inflammatory RR and replacement RR (ankylosis) in replanted teeth. The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched through June 2018 using specific keywords related to the title of the present article. The materials that were compared to CH were in 2 categories: 1) mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and endodontic sealers as permanent filling materials for single-visit treatment, and 2) Ledermix, bisphosphonates, acetazolamide, indomethacin, gallium nitrate, and enamel matrix-derived protein (Emdogain) as intracanal medicaments for multiple-visit management of avulsed teeth prior to the final obturation. MTA can be used as a single-visit root filling material; however, there are limited data on its efficacy due to a lack of clinical trials. Ledermix and acetazolamide were comparable to CH in reducing RR. Emdogain seems to be an interesting material, but the data supporting its use as an intracanal medication remain very limited. The conclusions drawn in this study were limited by the insufficiency of clinical trials.

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Anu Priya Guruswamy Pandian, Depti Bellani, Ritya Mary Jibu, Varsha Agnihotri
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Smita Paul, Sambarta Das, Nirmal Debbarma, Barun Dasgupta, Bidyut Seal, Ayesha Satapathy
Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.2024; 16(Suppl 4): S3461. CrossRef
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María Belén Muñoz Padilla, Verónica Alicia Vega Martínez, Camila Alejandra Villafuerte Moya
Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología.2024; 4: 924. CrossRef
Evaluation of the physicochemical properties of intracanal medications used in traumatized teeth
Patricia Almeida da Silva de Macedo, Walbert de Andrade Vieira, Paulo Henrique Gabriel, Karla de Faria Vasconcelos, Francisco Haiter Neto, Ana Carolina Correia Laurindo de Cerqueira Neto, Brenda Paula Figueiredo de Almeida Gomes, Marcos Roberto dos Santo
Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences.2024; 23: e242997. CrossRef
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Damla Erkal, Abdullah Başoğlu, Damla Kırıcı, Nezahat Arzu Kayar, Simay Koç, Kürşat Er
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Ibadat Preet Kaur, Ashok Kumar, Mukul Kumar, Kanistika Jha
Clinical Case Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Replantation of an Avulsed Tooth: A Case Report
Nishad Kadulkar, Rubi Kataki, Adrija Deka, Salouno Thonai
Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Avulsion of Permanent Mandibular Incisors: A Report of Two Cases with Pertinent Literature
Ibadat Preet Kaur, Jitendra Sharan, Pallawi Sinha, Ashok Kumar, Anand Marya, Leandro Napier de Souza
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Zohaib Khurshid, Faris Yahya I. Asiri, Shariq Najeeb, Jithendra Ratnayake
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Case Report

Surgical management of an accessory canal in a maxillary premolar: a case report: Hee-Jin Kim, Mi-Kyung Yu, Kwang-Won Lee, Kyung-San Min; Restor Dent Endod 2019;44(3):e30. Published online July 29, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2019.44.e30

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We report the surgical endodontic treatment of a maxillary first premolar with a lateral lesion that originated from an accessory canal. Although lesions originating from accessory canals frequently heal with simple conventional endodontic therapy, some lesions may need additional and different treatment. In the present case, conventional root canal retreatment led to incomplete healing with the need for further treatment (i.e., surgery). Surgical endodontic management with a fast-setting calcium silicate cement was performed on the accessory canal using a dental operating microscope. At the patient's 9-month recall visit, the lesion was resolved upon radiography.

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Predictive analysis of root canal morphology in relation to root canal treatment failures: a retrospective study
Mohmed Isaqali Karobari, Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan, P. J. Nagarathna, Sudhir Rama Varma, Jayaraj Kodangattil Narayanan, Santosh R. Patil
Frontiers in Dental Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Endodontic management of internal replacement resorption of two maxillary central incisors with the aid of cone-beam computed tomography as the diagnostic tool: a case report and review of literature
Fatemeh Eskandari, Safoora Sahebi, Negar Ghorbani Jahandizi, Hossein Mofidi
Journal of Medical Case Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Impact of the Preferred Reporting Items for Case Reports in Endodontics (PRICE) 2020 Guidelines on the Reporting of Endodontic Case Reports
Sofian Youssef, Phillip Tomson, Amir Reza Akbari, Natalie Archer, Fayjel Shah, Jasmeet Heran, Sunmeet Kandhari, Sandeep Pai, Shivakar Mehrotra, Joanna M Batt
Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Main and Accessory Canal Filling Quality of a Premixed Calcium Silicate Endodontic Sealer According to Different Obturation Techniques
Su-Yeon Ko, Hae Won Choi, E-Deun Jeong, Vinicius Rosa, Yun-Chan Hwang, Mi-Kyung Yu, Kyung-San Min
Materials.2020; 13(19): 4389. CrossRef

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17 Download
4 Crossref

Research Articles

Coronal tooth discoloration induced by regenerative endodontic treatment using different scaffolds and intracanal coronal barriers: a 6-month ex vivo study: Noushin Shokouhinejad, Hassan Razmi, Maryam Farbod, Marzieh Alikhasi, Josette Camilleri; Restor Dent Endod 2019;44(3):e25. Published online July 16, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2019.44.e25

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate discoloration of teeth undergoing regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) using blood clot or platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) as the scaffolds and different calcium silicate-based materials as the intracanal coronal barriers in an ex vivo model.

Materials and Methods

Forty-eight bovine incisors were prepared and disinfected using 1 mg/mL double antibiotic paste (DAP). The specimens were then randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 24) according to the scaffolds (blood or PRF). After placement of scaffolds each group was divided into 2 subgroups (n = 12) according to the intracanal coronal barriers (ProRoot MTA or Biodentine). The pulp chamber walls were sealed with dentin bonding agent before placement of DAP and before placement of scaffolds. The color changes (∆E) were measured at different steps. The data were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance.

Results

Coronal discoloration induced by DAP was not clinically perceptible (ΔE ≤ 3.3). Regarding the type of the scaffold, coronal discoloration was significantly higher in blood groups compared with PRF groups at the end of REP and after 1 month (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found between PRF and blood clot after 6 months (p > 0.05). Considering the type of intracanal coronal barrier, no significant difference existed between ProRoot MTA and Biodentine (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

With sealing the dentinal tubules of pulp chamber with a dentin bonding agent and application of DAP as an intracanal medicament, coronal color change of the teeth following the use of PRF and blood sealed with either ProRoot MTA or Biodentine was not different at 6-month follow-up.

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Evren Sarıyılmaz, Öznur Sarıyılmaz, Burak Çarıkçıoğlu, Gülşah Uslu, Raif Alan
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Rasoul Sahebalam, Marzie Boskabady, Maryam Naghavi, Samira Dehghanitafti
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Melis Oya Ateş, Zeliha Uğur Aydın
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Irini Fagogeni, Joanna Metlerska, Tomasz Falgowski, Maciej Górski, Mariusz Lipski, Alicja Nowicka
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Noushin Shokouhinejad, Ibrahim Abu Tahun, Shima Saber Tahan, Fatemeh Mohandes, Mohammad H. Nekoofar, Paul M. H. Dummer
Clinical Oral Investigations.2022; 27(3): 1193. CrossRef
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Jaqueline Lazzari, Walbert Vieira, Vanessa Pecorari, Brenda Paula Figueiredo de Almeida Gomes, José Flávio Affonso de Almeida, Adriana De-Jesus-Soares
Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Lilian Vieira Oliveira, Gabriela Leite de Souza, Gisele Rodrigues da Silva, Thamara Eduarda Alves Magalhães, Gabrielle Alves Nunes Freitas, Ana Paula Turrioni, Gabriella Lopes de Rezende Barbosa, Camilla Christian Gomes Moura
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Rayan B. Yaghmoor, Jeffrey A. Platt, Kenneth J. Spolnik, Tien Min Gabriel Chu, Ghaeth H. Yassen
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Ahmad S. Al-Hiyasat, Dana M. Ahmad, Yousef S. Khader
BMC Oral Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of undergraduate students concerning Regenerative Endodontics
Ligia B. da Silva, Mariana Gabriel, Márcia M. Marques, Fernanda C. Carrer, Flávia Gonçalves, Giovanna Sarra, Giovanna L. Carvalho, Ana Armas-Vega, Maria S. Moreira
Minerva Stomatologica.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Coronal Discoloration Related to Bioceramic and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Coronal Barrier in Non-vital Mature Teeth Undergoing Regenerative Endodontic Procedures
Mazen Doumani, Mohammad Yaman Seirawan, Kinda Layous, Mohammad Kinan Seirawan
World Journal of Dentistry.2020; 11(1): 52. CrossRef

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Effect of intracanal medications on the interfacial properties of reparative cements: Andrea Cardoso Pereira, Mariana Valerio Pallone, Marina Angélica Marciano, Karine Laura Cortellazzi, Marcos Frozoni, Brenda P. F. A. Gomes, José Flávio Affonso de Almeida, Adriana de Jesus Soares; Restor Dent Endod 2019;44(2):e21. Published online May 9, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2019.44.e21

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of calcium hydroxide with 2% chlorhexidine gel (HCX) or distilled water (HCA) compared to triple antibiotic paste (TAP) on push-out bond strength and the cement/dentin interface in canals sealed with White MTA Angelus (WMTA) or Biodentine (BD).

Materials and Methods

A total of 70 extracted human lower premolars were endodontically prepared and randomly divided into 4 groups according to the intracanal medication, as follows: group 1, HCX; group 2, TAP; group 3, HCA; and group 4, control (without intracanal medication). After 7 days, the medications were removed and the cervical third of the specimens was sectioned into five 1-mm sections. The sections were then sealed with WMTA or BD as a reparative material. After 7 days in 100% humidity, a push-out bond strength test was performed. Elemental analysis was performed at the interface, using energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and the Tukey test (p < 0.05).

Results

BD presented a higher bond strength than WMTA (p < 0.05). BD or WMTA in canals treated with calcium hydroxide intracanal medications had the highest bond strength values, with a statistically significant difference compared to TAP in the WMTA group (p < 0.05). There were small amounts of phosphorus in samples exposed to triple antibiotic paste, regardless of the coronal sealing.

Conclusions

The use of intracanal medications did not affect the bond strength of WMTA and BD, except when TAP was used with WMTA.

Citations

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Endodontic treatment of teeth with a wide apical opening – a clinical case
V. A. Popov, E. S. Pestova, S. A. Anisimova
Endodontics Today.2025; 23(2): 282. CrossRef
Effects of calcium hydroxide intracanal medicament on push‐out bond strength of endodontic sealers: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Mohammed Nasser Alhajj, Fadhilah Daud, Sadeq Ali Al‐Maweri, Yanti Johari, Zuryati Ab‐Ghani, Mariatti Jaafar, Yoshihito Naito, Widyasri Prananingrum, Zaihan Ariffin
Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry.2022; 34(8): 1166. CrossRef
Evaluation of a Novel Tool for Apical Plug Formation during Apexification of Immature Teeth
Yasser Alsayed Tolibah, Line Droubi, Saleh Alkurdi, Mohammad Tamer Abbara, Nada Bshara, Thuraya Lazkani, Chaza Kouchaji, Ibrahim Ali Ahmad, Ziad D. Baghdadi
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(9): 5304. CrossRef
Spectrophotometric analysis of internal bleaching of traumatized teeth with coronal discoloration following regenerative endodontic procedures
Jaqueline Lazzari, Walbert Vieira, Vanessa Pecorari, Brenda Paula Figueiredo de Almeida Gomes, José Flávio Affonso de Almeida, Adriana De-Jesus-Soares
Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Do intracanal medications used in regenerative endodontics affect the bond strength of powder-to-liquid and ready-to-use cervical sealing materials?
MarinaCarvalho Prado, Kevillin Martiniano, AndreaCardoso Pereira, KarineL Cortellazzi, MarinaA Marciano, Gabriel Abuna, Adriana de-Jesus-Soares
Journal of Conservative Dentistry.2021; 24(5): 464. CrossRef

1,541 View
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5 Crossref

Discoloration of teeth due to different intracanal medicaments: Farzaneh Afkhami, Sadaf Elahy, Alireza Mahmoudi Nahavandi, Mohamad Javad Kharazifard, Aidin Sooratgar; Restor Dent Endod 2019;44(1):e10. Published online February 12, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2019.44.e10

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

The objective of this study was to assess coronal discoloration induced by the following intracanal medicaments: calcium hydroxide (CH), a mixture of CH paste and chlorhexidine gel (CH/CHX), and triple antibiotic paste (3Mix).

Materials and Methods

Seventy extracted single-canal teeth were selected. Access cavities were prepared and each canal was instrumented with a rotary ProTaper system. The specimens were randomly assigned to CH, CH/CHX, and 3Mix paste experimental groups (n = 20 each) or a control group (n = 10). Each experimental group was randomly divided into 2 subgroups (A and B). In subgroup A, medicaments were only applied to the root canals, while in subgroup B, the root canals were completely filled with medicaments and a cotton pellet dipped in medicament was also placed in the pulp chamber. Spectrophotometric readings were obtained from the mid-buccal surface of the tooth crowns immediately after placing the medicaments (T1) and at 1 week (T2), 1 month (T3), and 3 months (T4) after filling. The ∆E was then calculated. Data were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), 3-way ANOVA, and the Scheffé post hoc test.

Results

The greatest color change (ΔE) was observed at 3 months (p < 0.0001) and in 3Mix subgroup B (p = 0.0057). No significant color change occurred in the CH (p = 0.7865) or CH/CHX (p = 0.1367) groups over time, but the 3Mix group showed a significant ΔE (p = 0.0164).

Conclusion

Intracanal medicaments may induce tooth discoloration. Use of 3Mix must be short and it must be carefully applied only to the root canals; the access cavity should be thoroughly cleaned afterwards.

Citations

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Time-dependent Tooth Color Changes Following Conventional, Silver-based, and Photodynamic Root Canal Irrigants: An In Vitro Study
Laila Mohamed Mohamed Kenawi, Mohamed Fattouh, Khaled Abid Althaqafi, Abla Arafa
The Open Dentistry Journal.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative analysis of tooth discoloration induced by different intracanal medicaments in regenerative endodontics: A systematic review and network meta-analysis
Ashlesha Nageshwar Madankar, Sulabha Radke, Shanmuga Priya, Darshan Dakshindas
Endodontology.2026; 38(1): 8. CrossRef
Effects of Intra-canal Medicaments on Infrared Light Energy Transmission Through Enamel and Dentin During Photobiomodulation: An In Vitro Study
Sachin Kulkarni, Laurence J. Walsh, Yash Bhurani, Roy George
Journal of Endodontics.2025; 51(5): 616. CrossRef
Tooth discoloration caused by nanographene oxide as an irrigant and intracanal medicament in the endodontic treatment of extracted single-rooted teeth: An ex-vivo study
Abbas Abbaszadegan, Zeinab Rafiee, Bahar Asheghi, Ahmad Gholami, Mohmed Isaqali Karobari
PLOS One.2025; 20(6): e0325430. CrossRef
Investigation of Discoloration of Anterior Teeth With Three Types of Substances Used in Endodontic Treatment
Sahar Soltani, Eshagh Ali Saberi, Nazanin Shahradnia, Pedram Abdollahzade Sangrodi, Elham Majidi
Clinical and Experimental Dental Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A New Disinfection Approach Using a Chitosan-Based Endodontic Irrigant
Alejandra Itzel Lopez-Flores, Ulises Velazquez-Enriquez, Rogelio Jose Scougall-Vilchis, Laura Susana Acosta-Torres, Laura Emma Rodriguez-Vilchis, Rosalía Contreras-Bulnes, Paloma Netzayeli Serrano-Diaz, Rene Garcia-Contreras
Materials.2025; 18(24): 5552. CrossRef
Spectrophotometric Analysis of Intracoronal Bleaching on Crown Discoloration Induced by Various Antibiotic Pastes: An In Vitro Study
Avneet Kaur, Harshit Srivastava, Deepak Raisingani, Ashwini B Prasad, Dileep Soni, Poorva R Sharma
International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry.2025; 18(12): 1443. CrossRef
Effect of Calcium Hydroxide Versus Double Antibiotic Paste on Endodontic Treatment Outcomes in Teeth With Large Periapical Lesions: A Triple‐Blind Randomized Clinical Trial
Afsaneh Rahmati, Farshad Seyedein, Omid Dianat, Sara Saedi, Golriz Rostami, Alireza Akbarzadeh Baghban, Shima Sabertahan, Majid Kazem, Kee Y. Kum
International Journal of Dentistry.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The effect of different intracanal irrigants on the push-out bond strength of dentin in damaged anterior primary teeth
Leila Bassir, Shirin Taravati, Farzad Nouri, Saeide Rahimi
Journal of Medicine and Life.2024; 17(5): 536. CrossRef
In Vıtro Evaluatıon of Dıscoloratıon Caused by Root Canal Sealers and Color Changes after Bleachıng
Emre Bodrumlu, Esma Dinger
Annals of Dental Specialty.2024; 12(1): 77. CrossRef
Assessment of Discoloration Induced by Root Canal Sealers and Color Alterations Post-Bleaching
T.P. Van der Burgt, T.P. Mullaney, A.J.M. Plasschaert
International Journal of Dental Research and Allied Sciences.2024; 4(1): 1. CrossRef
The effect of four different intracanal medicaments on the push-out bond strength of root canal sealers
Shalu Maan, Vijaya Dhar Bhatt, Rohit Singh, Sayak Gupta, Syed Alay Noorain, Aashna Gill, Pradeep Kumar, Sushil Yadav, Preeti Sharma
Journal of Medicine and Life.2022; 15(4): 448. CrossRef
Effect of hydrogel-based antibiotic intracanal medicaments on crown discoloration
Rayan B. Yaghmoor, Jeffrey A. Platt, Kenneth J. Spolnik, Tien Min Gabriel Chu, Ghaeth H. Yassen
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Effects of the exposure site on histological pulpal responses after direct capping with 2 calcium-silicate based cements in a rat model: Panruethai Trongkij, Supachai Sutimuntanakul, Puangwan Lapthanasupkul, Chitpol Chaimanakarn, Rebecca Wong, Danuchit Banomyong; Restor Dent Endod 2018;43(4):e36. Published online August 22, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2018.43.e36

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

Direct pulp capping is a treatment for mechanically exposed pulp in which a biocompatible capping material is used to preserve pulpal vitality. Biocompatibility tests in animal studies have used a variety of experimental protocols, particularly with regard to the exposure site. In this study, pulp exposure on the occlusal and mesial surfaces of molar teeth was investigated in a rat model.

Materials and Methods

A total of 58 maxillary first molars of Wistar rats were used. Forty molars were mechanically exposed and randomly assigned according to 3 factors: 1) the exposure site (occlusal or mesial), 2) the pulp-capping material (ProRoot White MTA or Bio-MA), and 3) 2 follow-up periods (1 day or 7 days) (n = 5 each). The pulp of 6 intact molars served as negative controls. The pulp of 12 molars was exposed without a capping material (n = 3 per exposure site for each period) and served as positive controls. Inflammatory cell infiltration and reparative dentin formation were histologically evaluated at 1 and 7 days using grading scores.

Results

At 1 day, localized mild inflammation was detected in most teeth in all experimental groups. At 7 days, continuous/discontinuous calcified bridges were formed at exposure sites with no or few inflammatory cells. No significant differences in pulpal response according to the exposure site or calcium-silicate cement were observed.

Conclusions

The location of the exposure site had no effect on rat pulpal healing. However, mesial exposures could be performed easily, with more consistent results. The pulpal responses were not significantly different between the 2 capping materials.

Citations

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Bioactivity and biocompatibility of bioceramic-based pulp capping materials in laboratory and animal models
Rafiqul Islam, Md. Refat Readul Islam, Kenta Tsuchiya, Yu Toida, Hidehiko Sano, Monica Yamauti, Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed, Atsushi Tomokiyo
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The road map to proper dental pulp experiments in animal models
Nuha A Elmubarak
International Dental Journal of Student's Research.2024; 11(4): 163. CrossRef
Treatment outcomes of root perforations repaired by calcium silicate-based cements with or without an accelerator: A randomized controlled trial
Kanyarat Tungputsa, Danuchit Banomyong, Sittichoke Osiri, Supachai Sutimuntanakul
Endodontology.2024; 36(4): 315. CrossRef
Biological evaluation of novel phosphorylated pullulan‐based calcium hydroxide formulations as direct pulp capping materials: An in vivo study on a rat model
Md Refat Readul Islam, Rafiqul Islam, Yunqing Liu, Yu Toida, Yasuhiro Yoshida, Hidehiko Sano, Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed, Atsushi Tomokiyo
International Endodontic Journal.2024; 57(9): 1247. CrossRef
3D-printed microgels supplemented with dentin matrix molecules as a novel biomaterial for direct pulp capping
Diana Cunha, Nayara Souza, Manuela Moreira, Nara Rodrigues, Paulo Silva, Cristiane Franca, Sivaporn Horsophonphong, Ashley Sercia, Ramesh Subbiah, Anthony Tahayeri, Jack Ferracane, Pamela Yelick, Vicente Saboia, Luiz Bertassoni
Clinical Oral Investigations.2022; 27(3): 1215. CrossRef
Calcium silicate and calcium aluminate cements for dentistry reviewed
Carolyn Primus, James L. Gutmann, Franklin R. Tay, Anna B. Fuks
Journal of the American Ceramic Society.2022; 105(3): 1841. CrossRef
Pulpal response to mineral trioxide aggregate containing phosphorylated pullulan-based capping material
Yu TOIDA, Shimpei KAWANO, Rafiqul ISLAM, Fu JIALE, AFM A CHOWDHURY, Shuhei HOSHIKA, Yasushi SHIMADA, Junji TAGAMI, Masahiro YOSHIYAMA, Satoshi INOUE, Ricardo M. CARVALHO, Yasuhiro YOSHIDA, Hidehiko SANO
Dental Materials Journal.2022; 41(1): 126. CrossRef
The Effect of Calcium-Silicate Cements on Reparative Dentinogenesis Following Direct Pulp Capping on Animal Models
Mihai Andrei, Raluca Paula Vacaru, Anca Coricovac, Radu Ilinca, Andreea Cristiana Didilescu, Ioana Demetrescu
Molecules.2021; 26(9): 2725. CrossRef
Histological evaluation of a novel phosphorylated pullulan‐based pulp capping material: An in vivo study on rat molars
Rafiqul Islam, Yu Toida, Fei Chen, Toru Tanaka, Satoshi Inoue, Tetsuya Kitamura, Yasuhiro Yoshida, Abu Faem Mohammad Almas Chowdhury, Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed, Hidehiko Sano
International Endodontic Journal.2021; 54(10): 1902. CrossRef
Effectiveness of Direct Pulp Capping Bioactive Materials in Dentin Regeneration: A Systematic Review
Ermin Nie, Jiali Yu, Rui Jiang, Xiangzhen Liu, Xiang Li, Rafiqul Islam, Mohammad Khursheed Alam
Materials.2021; 14(22): 6811. CrossRef
A strontium and amorphous calcium phosphate dipped premixed injectable calcium silicate-based ceramic for dental root canal sealing
Huimin Jin, Yuzhu Li, Qingqing Wang, Menglu Dong, Mengmeng Yang, Wendy Chen, Shengrui Wang, Heng Zhang, Shunli Zheng, Chris Ying Cao, Zheng Zhou, Quan-Li Li
Ceramics International.2021; 47(23): 33738. CrossRef
Bioactive tri/dicalcium silicate cements for treatment of pulpal and periapical tissues
Carolyn M. Primus, Franklin R. Tay, Li-na Niu
Acta Biomaterialia.2019; 96: 35. CrossRef

2,126 View
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12 Crossref

Retention of BioAggregate and MTA as coronal plugs after intracanal medication for regenerative endodontic procedures: an ex vivo study: Suzan Abdul Wanees Amin, Shaimaa Ismail Gawdat; Restor Dent Endod 2018;43(3):e18. Published online April 26, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2018.43.e18

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

This study compared the retention of BioAggregate (BA; Innovative BioCeramix) and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA; Angelus) as coronal plugs after applying different intracanal medications (ICMs) used in regenerative endodontics.

Materials and Methods

One-hundred human maxillary central incisors were used. The canals were enlarged to a diameter of 1.7 mm. Specimens were divided into 5 groups (n = 20) according to the ICM used: calcium hydroxide (CH), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), triple-antibiotic paste (TAP), double-antibiotic paste (DAP), and no ICM (control; CON). After 3 weeks of application, ICMs were removed and BA or MTA were placed as the plug material (n = 10). The push-out bond strength and the mode of failure were assessed. The data were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance, the Tukey's test, and the χ² test; p values < 0.05 indicated statistical significance.

Results

The type of ICM and the type of plug material significantly affected bond strength (p < 0.01). Regardless of the type of ICM, BA showed a lower bond strength than MTA (p < 0.05). For MTA, CH showed a higher bond strength than CON, TAP and DAP; CHX showed a higher bond strength than DAP (p < 0.01). For BA, CH showed a higher bond strength than DAP (p < 0.05). The mode of failure was predominantly cohesive for BA (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

MTA may show better retention than BA. The mode of bond failure with BA can be predominantly cohesive. BA retention may be less affected by ICM type than MTA retention.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

An in vitro comparative evaluation of the effect of three intracanal medicaments – chlorhexidine gel, triple antibiotic paste, and calcium hydroxide paste on the push-out bond strength of MTA Plus, Biodentine, and calcium-enriched mixture
Gouthami Datta, Ramya Raghu, Ashish Shetty, Gautham P Manjunath, Dishant Patel, Subhashini Rajasekhara
Endodontology.2023; 35(1): 60. CrossRef
Effects of calcium hydroxide intracanal medicament on push‐out bond strength of endodontic sealers: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Mohammed Nasser Alhajj, Fadhilah Daud, Sadeq Ali Al‐Maweri, Yanti Johari, Zuryati Ab‐Ghani, Mariatti Jaafar, Yoshihito Naito, Widyasri Prananingrum, Zaihan Ariffin
Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry.2022; 34(8): 1166. CrossRef
A Breakthrough in the Era of Calcium Silicate-Based Cements: A Critical Review
Payal S Chaudhari, Manoj G Chandak, Akshay A Jaiswal, Nikhil P Mankar, Priyanka Paul
Cureus.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Modern Medicaments for Endodontic Treatment in Children
Н.В. Шаковец, О.С. Романова
Стоматология. Эстетика. Инновации.2021; (4): 408. CrossRef
Do intracanal medications used in regenerative endodontics affect the bond strength of powder-to-liquid and ready-to-use cervical sealing materials?
MarinaCarvalho Prado, Kevillin Martiniano, AndreaCardoso Pereira, KarineL Cortellazzi, MarinaA Marciano, Gabriel Abuna, Adriana de-Jesus-Soares
Journal of Conservative Dentistry.2021; 24(5): 464. CrossRef
In vivo Biocompatibility and Bioactivity of Calcium Silicate-Based Bioceramics in Endodontics
Wencheng Song, Wei Sun, Lili Chen, Zhenglin Yuan
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of Hydrogel-Based Antibiotic Intracanal Medicaments on Push-Out Bond Strength
Rayan B. Yaghmoor, Jeffrey A. Platt, Kenneth J. Spolnik, Tien Min Gabriel Chu, Ghaeth H. Yassen
European Journal of Dentistry.2020; 14(04): 575. CrossRef
Regenerative Endodontic Procedures, Disinfectants and Outcomes: A Systematic Review
Adam S. Kharchi, Nara Tagiyeva-Milne, Shalini Kanagasingam
Primary Dental Journal.2020; 9(4): 65. CrossRef

1,828 View
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8 Crossref

Case Report

Periodontal healing following non-surgical repair of an old perforation with pocket formation and oral communication: Saeed Asgary, Prashant Verma, Ali Nosrat; Restor Dent Endod 2018;43(2):e17. Published online April 13, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2018.43.e17

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Iatrogenic perforations negatively impact the outcome of endodontic treatments. Studies on prognostic factors showed that perforations in the coronal third of the root with periodontal pocket formation have an unfavorable prognosis. A 36-year-old female was referred for endodontic evaluation of tooth #13 with a history of an iatrogenic perforation, happened 3 years ago. There was a sinus tract associated with perforation, 10 mm probing on the mesial and mesio-palatal, bleeding on probing, radiolucent lesion adjacent to the perforation and complete resorption of the interdental bone between teeth #13 and #12. After the treatment options were discussed, she chose to save the tooth. The tooth was accessed under rubber dam isolation, the perforation site was cleaned and disinfected using 0.5% sodium hypochlorite and sealed with calcium-enriched mixture cement. Eighteen months after treatment the tooth was functional and asymptomatic. The probing depths were normal without bleeding on probing. Radiographically, the interdental crestal bone formed between teeth #13 and #12. Despite all negative prognostic factors in this case (i.e., perforations in the coronal third, pocket formation, and radiolucent lesion), healing was unexpectedly achieved via non-surgical repair of the perforation. Further research on biological aspects of healing in the periodontium following iatrogenic perforations are recommended.

Citations

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Managing Internal Inflammatory Root Resorption and Perforation of a Mandibular Primary Molar: A Case Report With 15 Months Follow‐Up
Mana Mowji, Motahareh Khosrojerdi
Clinical Case Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Nonsurgical Management of Furcation Defects Using Cervical Sealing With Calcium–Silicate Cements: A Clinical Case Series
Saeed Asgary, Shamimul Hasan
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Beyhan Başkan, Hatice Kübra Başkan, Beyza Güler, Ricardo Faria Ribeiro
Case Reports in Dentistry.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Comprehensive review of composition, properties, clinical applications, and future perspectives of calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement: a systematic analysis
Saeed Asgary, Mahtab Aram, Mahta Fazlyab
BioMedical Engineering OnLine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
External Cervical Resorption: A Volumetric Analysis on Evolution of Defects over Time
Ali Nosrat, Omid Dianat, Prashant Verma, Martin D. Levin, Jeffery B. Price, Anita Aminoshariae, Fabio Antonio Piola Rizzante
Journal of Endodontics.2023; 49(1): 36. CrossRef
Comparative evaluation of mineral trioxide aggregate, endoseal, and biodentine in furcation perforation repair
Udita Khare Baralay, Srinidhi Surya Raghavendra
Endodontology.2022; 34(1): 22. CrossRef
Calcium Silicate Cements Application in Lateral Root Perforation Repair: A Case Report with 16-Month Follow-Up
Juan G. Robledo, Pablo A. Rodríguez
Open Journal of Stomatology.2021; 11(08): 317. CrossRef
Vital Pulp Therapy as a Conservative Approach for Management of Invasive Cervical Root Resorption: A Case Series
Saeed Asgary, Mahdieh Nourzadeh, Prashant Verma, M. Lamar Hicks, Ali Nosrat
Journal of Endodontics.2019; 45(9): 1161. CrossRef

2,869 View
14 Download
8 Crossref

Research Articles

Removal efficacy and cytotoxicity of a calcium hydroxide paste using N-2-methyl-pyrrolidone as a vehicle: Myung-Jin Lim, Hyun-Jin Jang, Mi-Kyung Yu, Kwang-Won Lee, Kyung-San Min; Restor Dent Endod 2017;42(4):290-300. Published online October 20, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2017.42.4.290

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

This study investigated the removal efficacy and cytotoxicity of a newly developed calcium hydroxide paste (cleaniCal, Maruchi) using N-2-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP) as a vehicle in comparison with ApexCal (Ivoclar Vivadent) and Calcipex II (Nishika), which use different vehicles such as polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol, respectively.

Materials and Methods

Thirty maxillary premolars with oval-shaped canals were divided into 3 groups and the teeth were filled with one of the pastes. After removal of the paste, micro-computed tomographic (μ-CT) imaging was obtained to assess the volume of residual paste in the root canal of each tooth. The teeth were then split longitudinally and the area of the paste-coated surface was evaluated by stereomicroscopy. The cytotoxicity of each product was assessed using an agar overlay assay. The effect of each vehicle on cell viability was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's tests to detect any significance (p < 0.05).

Results

In the μ-CT and stereomicroscopic analysis, cleaniCal exhibited less remnants of medicament than ApexCal and Calcipex. cleaniCal showed a higher cytotoxicity than the other pastes in the agar overlay assay. Furthermore, NMP exhibited lower cell viability compared to the other vehicles.

Conclusions

cleaniCal showed better removal efficacy compared to the other products. However, clinicians should be aware of the higher cytotoxicity of the NMP-based material and consider its possible adverse effects on periradicular tissue when it is overfilled.

Citations

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Removal of Calcium Hydroxide Paste Leaked Into the Maxillary Sinus
Dohee Kim, Young Kim, Jeong Joon Han
Ear, Nose & Throat Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Synergistic effects of reduced graphene oxide on the antibacterial activity of calcium hydroxide-based intracanal medicaments containing different vehicles
Mi-Ah Kim, Min-Kyeong Kim, Eun-Sook Kang, Kyung-San Min
Journal of Oral Science.2025; 67(1): 35. CrossRef
Lipoteichoic Acid from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG as a Novel Intracanal Medicament Targeting Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm Formation
Ji-Young Yoon, Somin Park, Dongwook Lee, Ok-Jin Park, WooCheol Lee, Seung Hyun Han
Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(10): 897. CrossRef
Rheological properties and handling characteristics of four injectable calcium hydroxide pastes
Min-Jung KIM, In-Bog LEE
Dental Materials Journal.2024; 43(6): 796. CrossRef
Role of vehicles on antimicrobial efficacy of calcium hydroxide
Dikshya Purohit, Shronika, Pradyumna Misra, Gaurav Jain, Preeti Shukla
Asian Journal of Oral Health and Allied Sciences.2023; 13: 9. CrossRef
Conservative Management of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization Using Biomimetic Material in a 9-Year-Old Boy
Sahili Mungekar-Markandey, Ashwin Jawdekar
Journal of Dental Research and Review.2022; 9(4): 320. CrossRef
Sonic irrigation for removal of calcium hydroxide in the apical root canal: A micro-CT and light-coupled tracking analysis
Wonjoon Moon, Shin Hye Chung, Juhea Chang, Zhaoqiang Zhang
PLOS ONE.2022; 17(6): e0268791. CrossRef
Effect of N-2-methyl-pyrrolidone on Enterococcus faecalis biofilms
Mi-Ah KIM, Prasanna NEELAKANTAN, Kyung-San MIN
Dental Materials Journal.2022; 41(5): 774. CrossRef
Characterization, Antimicrobial Effects, and Cytocompatibility of a Root Canal Sealer Produced by Pozzolan Reaction between Calcium Hydroxide and Silica
Mi-Ah Kim, Vinicius Rosa, Prasanna Neelakantan, Yun-Chan Hwang, Kyung-San Min
Materials.2021; 14(11): 2863. CrossRef
Synthesis, structure, and theoretical studies of a calcium complex of a unique dianion derived from 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one
Ray J. Butcher, Andrew P. Purdy, Paul A. Brown, Daniel Gunlycke
Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications.2021; 77(1): 70. CrossRef
Effect of a calcium hydroxide-based intracanal medicament containing N-2-methyl pyrrolidone as a vehicle against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm
Taegun KIM, Mi-Ah KIM, Yun-Chan HWANG, Vinicius ROSA, Massimo DEL FABBRO, Kyung-San MIN
Journal of Applied Oral Science.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

2,188 View
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White mineral trioxide aggregate mixed with calcium chloride dihydrate: chemical analysis and biological properties: Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed, Norhayati Luddin, Thirumulu Ponnuraj Kannan, Khairani Idah Mokhtar, Azlina Ahmad; Restor Dent Endod 2017;42(3):176-187. Published online April 17, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2017.42.3.176

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical and biological properties of fast-set white mineral trioxide aggregate (FS WMTA), which was WMTA combined with calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl₂·2H₂O), compared to that of WMTA.

Materials and Methods

Surface morphology, elemental, and phase analysis were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The cytotoxicity and cell attachment properties were evaluated on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPLFs) using methyl-thiazol-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assay and under SEM after 24 and 72 hours, respectively.

Results

Results showed that the addition of CaCl₂·2H₂O to WMTA affected the surface morphology and chemical composition. Although FS WMTA exhibited a non-cytotoxic profile, the cell viability values of this combination were lesser than WMTA, and the difference was significant in 7 out of 10 concentrations at the 2 time intervals (p < 0.05). HPLFs adhered over the surface of WMTA and at the interface, after 24 hours of incubation. After 72 hours, there were increased numbers of HPLFs with prominent cytoplasmic processes. Similar findings were observed with FS WMTA, but the cells were not as confluent as with WMTA.

Conclusions

The addition of CaCl₂·2H₂O to WMTA affected its chemical properties. The favorable biological profile of FS WMTA towards HPLFs may have a potential impact on its clinical application for repair of perforation defects.

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The effect of three additives on properties of mineral trioxide aggregate cements: a systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies
Behnam Bolhari, Faranak Noori, Hadi Assadian, Amir Raee, Sholeh Ghabraei, Ahmad-Reza Shamshiri, Artak Heboyan
BMC Oral Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of sorption and solubility of materials based on calcium aluminate
Renata Josipovic, Violeta Petrovic, Marijana Popovic-Bajic, Irena Kuzmanovic-Radman, Mirjana Umicevic-Davidovic, Aleksandra Djeri, Slavoljub Zivkovic
Stomatoloski glasnik Srbije.2023; 70(1): 26. CrossRef
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Chemical modification of MTA and CEM cement to decrease setting time and improve bioactivity properties by adding alkaline salts
Faeze Jamali Zavare, Hanieh Nojehdehian, Maryam Moezizadeh, Mehdi Daneshpooya
Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects.2020; 14(1): 1. CrossRef
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Effect of three nanobiomaterials on microhardness of bleached enamel: Maryam Khoroushi, Farinaz Shirban, Sara Kaveh, Samaneh Doustfateme; Restor Dent Endod 2016;41(3):196-201. Published online July 14, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2016.41.3.196

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of incorporating three different nanobiomaterials into bleaching material on microhardness of bleached enamel.

Materials and Methods

The crowns of 24 extracted sound human molars were sectioned. Sixty enamel specimens (2 × 3 × 4 mm) were selected and divided into five groups (n = 12): Group 1 received no bleaching procedure (control); Group 2 underwent bleaching with a 40% hydrogen peroxide (HP) gel; Groups 3, 4, and 5 were bleached with a 40% HP gel modified by incorporation of bioactive glass (BAG), amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and hydroxyapatite (HA), respectively. The enamel microhardness was evaluated. The differences in Knoop microhardness data of each group were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by post hoc Tukey tests.

Results

Significant differences were observed between the study groups. The enamel microhardness changes in Groups 1, 3, 4, and 5 were significantly lower than that of Group 2 (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that incorporation of each one of the three tested biomaterials as remineralizing agents might be effective in decreasing enamel microhardness changes subsequent to in-office bleaching.

Citations

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Shiza Yezdani, Monisha Khatri, Sampath Vidhya, Sekar Mahalaxmi
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In vitro evaluation of the effect of addition of biomaterials to carbamide peroxide on the bleaching efficacy and microhardness of enamel
Sowmya Kavoor, M. A. Ranjini, Naval Abdul Aziz, H. K. Ashok, Roopa R. Nadig
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Elham Kheradmand, Alirea Daneshkazemi, Abdolrahim Davari, Maede Kave, Solmaz Ghanbarnejad
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Case Report

Accidental injury of the inferior alveolar nerve due to the extrusion of calcium hydroxide in endodontic treatment: a case report: Yooseok Shin, Byoung-Duck Roh, Yemi Kim, Taehyeon Kim, Hyungjun Kim; Restor Dent Endod 2016;41(1):63-67. Published online January 6, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2016.41.1.63

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

During clinical endodontic treatment, we often find radiopaque filling material beyond the root apex. Accidental extrusion of calcium hydroxide could cause the injury of inferior alveolar nerve, such as paresthesia or continuous inflammatory response. This case report presents the extrusion of calcium hydroxide and treatment procedures including surgical intervention. A 48 yr old female patient experienced Calcipex II extrusion in to the inferior alveolar canal on left mandibular area during endodontic treatment. After completion of endodontic treatment on left mandibular first molar, surgical intervention was planned under general anesthesia. After cortical bone osteotomy and debridement, neuroma resection and neurorrhaphy was performed, and prognosis was observed. But no improvement in sensory nerve was seen following surgical intervention after 20 mon. A clinician should be aware of extrusion of intracanal medicaments and the possibility of damage on inferior alveolar canal. Injectable type of calcium hydroxide should be applied with care for preventing nerve injury. The alternative delivery method such as lentulo spiral was suggested on the posterior mandibular molar.

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Oral dysesthesia
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Research Articles

Effect of dentin treatment on proliferation and differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells: Minjeong Park, Nan-Sim Pang, Il-Young Jung; Restor Dent Endod 2015;40(4):290-298. Published online September 23, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2015.40.4.290

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is an excellent bactericidal agent, but it is detrimental to stem cell survival, whereas intracanal medicaments such as calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]₂) promote the survival and proliferation of stem cells. This study evaluated the effect of sequential NaOCl and Ca[OH]₂ application on the attachment and differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs).

Materials and Methods

DPSCs were obtained from human third molars. All dentin specimens were treated with 5.25% NaOCl for 30 min. DPSCs were seeded on the dentin specimens and processed with additional 1 mg/mL Ca[OH]₂, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) treatment, file instrumentation, or a combination of these methods. After 7 day of culture, we examined DPSC morphology using scanning electron microscopy and determined the cell survival rate with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. We measured cell adhesion gene expression levels after 4 day of culture and odontogenic differentiation gene expression levels after 4 wk using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results

DPSCs did not attach to the dentin in the NaOCl-treated group. The gene expression levels of fibronectin-1 and secreted phosphoprotein-1 gene in both the Ca[OH]₂- and the EDTA-treated groups were significantly higher than those in the other groups. All Ca[OH]₂-treated groups showed higher expression levels of dentin matrix protein-1 than that of the control. The dentin sialophosphoprotein level was significantly higher in the groups treated with both Ca[OH]₂ and EDTA.

Conclusions

The application of Ca[OH]₂ and additional treatment such as EDTA or instrumentation promoted the attachment and differentiation of DPSCs after NaOCl treatment.

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Arian Braido, Walbert de Andrade Vieira, Bruno Cazotti Pereira, Karina Gonzales Silvério, Paulo Henrique Gabriel, Aline Cristine Gomes Matta, Emerson Alves Martins, Adriana de Jesus Soares
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Effect of erbium yttrium aluminium garnet laser dentin conditioning on dental pulp stem cells viability
Aryan Jafari, Mehdi Vatanpour, Nooshin Barikrow, Pouyan Razavi, Sohrab Tour Savadkouhi
Heliyon.2024; 10(5): e26954. CrossRef
Comparison of the effect of NaOCL, curcumin, and EDTA on differentiation, proliferation, and adhesion of dental pulp stem cells
Vahid Zand, Amin Salem Milani, Carolyn Primus, Marzie Aghazade, Hadi Mokhtari, Sabete Bagheri Sabzevar, Pardis Tehranchi
Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research.2023; 13(2): 347. CrossRef
Differential Effects of Extracellular Matrix Glycoproteins Fibronectin and Laminin-5 on Dental Pulp Stem Cell Phenotypes and Responsiveness
Hyungbin Lee, Allen Bae, John Kim, Karl Kingsley
Journal of Functional Biomaterials.2023; 14(2): 91. CrossRef
Assessment of the Influence of Various Concentrations of Sodium Hypochlorite on Stem Cell Derived From Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth (SHED) Proliferation and Differentiation
Viral Maru, Ashwini KB, Manisha Madkaikar, R K Sarada Devi, Ashita Gada, Salil Bapat
Cureus.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of sodium hypochlorite and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on proliferation, osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation, and mechanosensitive gene expression of human dental pulp stem cells
Yuejun Li, Changlong Jin, Shouliang Zhao, Han Xie
Tissue and Cell.2022; 79: 101955. CrossRef
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Alexandre H. dos Reis‐Prado, Lucas G. Abreu, Rogéria R. Fagundes, Sabrina de C. Oliveira, Marco C. Bottino, Antônio P. Ribeiro‐Sobrinho, Francine Benetti
International Endodontic Journal.2022; 55(6): 579. CrossRef
An in-vitro Comparative Evaluation of Quantitative Release of Transforming Growth Factor β-1 from Dentin upon the Action of Endodontic Irrigants, Medicaments, Ultrasonic Activation, and Low-Level Laser Irradiation
Anilkumar Akhila, V. P. Prabath Singh, Kerala R. Varma, Senthil V. Vasudevan, V. Sukhithasri, Salu Sasikumar
Amrita Journal of Medicine.2021; 17(2): 34. CrossRef
Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma-Conditioned Root Dentin Promotes Attraction and Attachment of Primary Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells in Real-Time Ex Vivo
Yeon-Jee Yoo, Min-Ji Kang, Hiran Perinpanayagam, Joo-Cheol Park, Seung-Ho Baek, Kee-Yeon Kum
Applied Sciences.2021; 11(15): 6836. CrossRef
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Sara Ayoub, Ali Cheayto, Sanaa Bassam, Mehdi Najar, Antoine Berbéri, Mohammad Fayyad-Kazan
Stem Cell Reviews and Reports.2020; 16(4): 650. CrossRef
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Jeen Nee Lui, Wen Yi Lim, Domenico Ricucci
Journal of Endodontics.2020; 46(5): 627. CrossRef
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Sanupong Prompreecha, Thanapat Sastraruji, Phumisak Louwakul, Tanida Srisuwan
Journal of Endodontics.2018; 44(5): 744. CrossRef
Odontoblast-like differentiation and mineral formation of pulpsphere derived cells on human root canal dentin in vitro
Jörg Neunzehn, Sandra Pötschke, Christian Hannig, Hans-Peter Wiesmann, Marie-Theres Weber
Head & Face Medicine.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of Epigallocatechin Gallate, an Antibacterial Cross-linking Agent, on Proliferation and Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Cells Cultured in Collagen Scaffolds
Young-Sun Kwon, Hee-Jin Kim, Yun-Chan Hwang, Vinicius Rosa, Mi-Kyung Yu, Kyung-San Min
Journal of Endodontics.2017; 43(2): 289. CrossRef

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Evaluation of the effects of two novel irrigants on intraradicular dentine erosion, debris and smear layer removal: Melahat Görduysus, Selen Küçükkaya, Nursel Pekel Bayramgil, Mehmet Ömer Görduysus; Restor Dent Endod 2015;40(3):216-222. Published online July 3, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2015.40.3.216

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

To evaluate the effects of copolymer of acrylic acid and maleic acid (Poly[AA-co-MA]) and calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)₂) on root canal dentin using scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Materials and Methods

Twenty-four single-rooted teeth were instrumented and the apical and coronal thirds of each root were removed, leaving the 5 mm middle thirds, which were then separated into two pieces longitudinally. The specimens were randomly divided into six groups and subjected to each irrigant for 5 min as follows: G1, Ca(OCl)₂; G2, Poly(AA-co-MA); G3, Ca(OCl)₂ + Poly(AA-co-MA); G4, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); G5, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); G6, NaOCl+EDTA. The specimens were prepared for SEM evaluation. Smear layer, debris and erosion scores were recorded by two blinded examiners. One image from G3 was analyzed with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) on suspicion of precipitate formation. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests.

Results

G1 and G4 showed the presence of debris and smear layer and they were statistically different from G2, G3, G5 and G6 where debris and smear layer were totally removed (p < 0.05). In G1 and G4, erosion evaluation could not be done because of debris and smear layer. G2, G3 and G5 showed no erosion, and there was no significant difference between them. G6 showed severe erosion and was statistically different from G2, G3 and G5 (p < 0.05). EDS microanalysis showed the presence of Na, P, and Ca elements on the surface.

Conclusions

Poly(AA-co-MA) is effective in removing the smear layer and debris without causing erosion either alone or with Ca(OCl)₂.

Citations

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Damla Erkal, Kürşat Er
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Effect of sodium and calcium hypochlorite with or without surfactant on the adhesion of epoxy resin-based endodontic sealer
Guilherme Pauletto, Natália Franco Brum, Israel Bangel Carlotto, Lucas Saldanha da Rosa, Carlos Alexandre Souza Bier
Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences.2025; 24: e254080. CrossRef
Bonding and Cleaning Effects of Irrigation Protocols Using Calcium Hypochlorite on the Post-space Radicular Dentin
JF Besegato, GR Bravo, JF Zaniboni, LG Belizário, ENM de Almeida, MB Gelio, WG Escalante-Otárola, MC Kuga
Operative Dentistry.2024; 49(6): E1. CrossRef
Effect of sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite on the apical sealing ability of endodontic sealers
Israel Bangel Carlotto, Natália Franco Brum, Guilherme Pauletto, Lucas Saldanha da Rosa, Carlos Alexandre Souza Bier
Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences.2024; 23: e242700. CrossRef
Comparative evaluation of antifungal activity of Sodium Hypochlorite, Calcium Hypochlorite and modified Salt Solution associated with passive ultrasonic irrigation against Candida albicans - An In-Vitro study
Helen Thomas, D. N. Nirupama, Mohan Thomas Nainan, D. N. Naveen, C. Y. Ranjini, R. Vijay
Journal of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics.2024; 27(2): 159. CrossRef
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João Felipe Besegato, Joatan Lucas de Sousa Gomes Costa, Joissi Ferrari Zaniboni, Giovanna Righetti Bravo, Jéssika Mayhara Pereira Morais, Wilfredo Gustavo Escalante-Otárola, Milton Carlos Kuga
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Effectiveness of Different Irrigation Techniques on Post Space Smear Layer Removal: SEM Evaluation
Alfredo Iandolo, Massimo Pisano, Dina Abdellatif, Alessandra Amato, Francesco Giordano, Alessio Buonavoglia, Giuseppe Sangiovanni, Mario Caggiano
Prosthesis.2023; 5(2): 539. CrossRef
The dynamic interplay of dietary acid pH and concentration during early-stage human enamel and dentine erosion
J. Pattem, J. Field, P. J. Waterhouse, M. J. German
Frontiers in Dental Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of EDTA, sodium, and calcium hypochlorite on the inorganic component of root canal dentin: A SEM analysis
Luana Roleto Cardoso, Flávia Emi Razera Baldasso, Débora Delai, Francisco Montagner, Patrícia Maria Poli Kopper
Microscopy Research and Technique.2019; 82(2): 128. CrossRef
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İpek ARSLAN, Sema AYDINOĞLU, Ozgul BAYGIN, Tamer TÜZÜNER, Murat ŞİRİN
Cumhuriyet Dental Journal.2019; 22(3): 299. CrossRef
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Le Zhang, Quan-Li Li, Ying Cao, Yun Wang
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Aysin Dumani, Hatice Korkmaz Guvenmez, Sehnaz Yilmaz, Oguz Yoldas, Zeliha Gonca Bek Kurklu
BioMed Research International.2016; 2016: 1. CrossRef

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Effect of intracanal medicaments used in endodontic regeneration procedures on microhardness and chemical structure of dentin: Ghaeth Hamdon Yassen, George Joseph Eckert, Jeffrey Allen Platt; Restor Dent Endod 2015;40(2):104-112. Published online December 24, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2015.40.2.104

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

This study was performed to investigate the effects of different intracanal medicaments on chemical structure and microhardness of dentin.

Materials and Methods

Fifty human dentin discs were obtained from intact third molars and randomly assigned into two control groups and three treatment groups. The first control group received no treatment. The second control group (no medicament group) was irrigated with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), stored in humid environment for four weeks and then irrigated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The three treatment groups were irrigated with NaOCl, treated for four weeks with either 1 g/mL triple antibiotic paste (TAP), 1 mg/mL methylcellulose-based triple antibiotic paste (DTAP), or calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)₂] and finally irrigated with EDTA. After treatment, one half of each dentin disc was subjected to Vickers microhardness (n = 10 per group) and the other half was used to evaluate the chemical structure (phosphate/amide I ratio) of treated dentin utilizing attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (n = 5 per group). One-way ANOVA followed by Fisher's least significant difference were used for statistical analyses.

Results

Dentin discs treated with different intracanal medicaments and those treated with NaOCl + EDTA showed significant reduction in microhardness (p < 0.0001) and phosphate/amide I ratio (p < 0.05) compared to no treatment control dentin. Furthermore, dentin discs treated with TAP had significantly lower microhardness (p < 0.0001) and phosphate/amide I ratio (p < 0.0001) compared to all other groups.

Conclusions

The use of DTAP or Ca(OH)₂ medicaments during endodontic regeneration may cause significantly less microhardness reduction and superficial demineralization of dentin compared to the use of TAP.

Citations

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Review Article

Antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide as an intracanal medicament in root canal treatment: a literature review - Part II. in vivo studies: Dohyun Kim, Euiseong Kim; Restor Dent Endod 2015;40(2):97-103. Published online December 9, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2015.40.2.97

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

The first part of this study reviewed the characteristics of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) and summarized the results of in vitro studies related to its antimicrobial effects. The second part of this review covers in vivo studies including human clinical studies and animal studies. The use of Ca(OH)₂ as an intracanal medicament represented better histological results in animal studies. However, human clinical studies showed limited antimicrobial effects that microorganisms were reduced but not eliminated through the treatment, and that some species had resistance to Ca(OH)₂. Most of clinical outcome studies supported that there is no improvement in healing of periapical lesions when Ca(OH)₂ was applied between appointments. Further studies are required for the antimicrobial effects of Ca(OH)₂, and search for the ideal material and technique to completely clean infected root canals should be continued.

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Research Article

Calcium hydroxide dressing residues after different removal techniques affect the accuracy of Root-ZX apex locator: Emel Uzunoglu, Ayhan Eymirli, Mehmet Özgür Uyanik, Semra Çalt, Emre Nagas; Restor Dent Endod 2015;40(1):44-49. Published online November 5, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2015.40.1.44

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

This study compared the ability of several techniques to remove calcium hydroxide (CH) from the root canal and determined the influence of CH residues on the accuracy of the electronic apex locator.

Materials and Methods

Root canals of 90 human maxillary lateral incisors with confirmed true working length (TWL) were prepared and filled with CH. The teeth were randomly assigned to one of the experimental groups according to the CH removal technique (n = 14): 0.9% saline; 0.9% saline + master apical file (MAF); 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA); 17% EDTA + MAF; 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); 5.25% NaOCl + MAF. Six teeth were used as negative control. After CH removal, the electronic working length was measured using Root-ZX (Morita Corp.) and compared with TWL to evaluate Root-ZX accuracy. All specimens were sectioned longitudinally, and the area of remaining CH (CH) and total canal area were measured using imaging software.

Results

The EDTA + MAF and NaOCl + MAF groups showed better CH removal than other groups (p < 0.05). Root-ZX reliability to prevent overestimated working length to be > 85% within a tolerance of ± 1.0 mm (p < 0.05). There was strong negative correlation between amount of CH residues and EAL accuracy (r = -0.800 for ± 0.5 mm; r = -0.940 for ± 1.0 mm).

Conclusions

The mechanical instrumentation improves the CH removal of irrigation solutions although none of the techniques removed the dressing completely. Residues of CH medication in root canals affected the accuracy of Root-ZX adversely.

Citations

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Current perspectives of bio-ceramic technology in endodontics: calcium enriched mixture cement - review of its composition, properties and applications: Shivani Utneja, Ruchika Roongta Nawal, Sangeeta Talwar, Mahesh Verma; Restor Dent Endod 2015;40(1):1-13. Published online November 3, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2015.40.1.1

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Advancements in bio-ceramic technology has revolutionised endodontic material science by enhancing the treatment outcome for patients. This class of dental materials conciliates excellent biocompatibility with high osseoconductivity that render them ideal for endodontic care. Few recently introduced bio-ceramic materials have shown considerable clinical success over their early generations in terms of good handling characteristics. Calcium enriched mixture (CEM) cement, Endosequence sealer, and root repair materials, Biodentine and BioAggregate are the new classes of bio-ceramic materials. The aim of this literature review is to present investigations regarding properties and applications of CEM cement in endodontics. A review of the existing literature was performed by using electronic and hand searching methods for CEM cement from January 2006 to December 2013. CEM cement has a different chemical composition from that of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) but has similar clinical applications. It combines the biocompatibility of MTA with more efficient characteristics, such as significantly shorter setting time, good handling characteristics, no staining of tooth and effective seal against bacterial leakage.

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Antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide as an intracanal medicament in root canal treatment: a literature review - Part I. In vitro studies: Dohyun Kim, Euiseong Kim; Restor Dent Endod 2014;39(4):241-252. Published online August 20, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2014.39.4.241

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

The goal of endodontic treatment is the prevention and control of pulpal and periradicular infections. Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) has been widely used in endodontics as an intracanal medicament to eliminate the remaining microorganisms after chemomechanical preparation. The purpose of this article is to review the antimicrobial properties of Ca(OH)₂ as an intracanal medicament in root canal treatment. The first part of this review details the characteristics of Ca(OH)₂ and summarizes the results of in vitro studies related to its antimicrobial effect. The antimicrobial effect of Ca(OH)₂ results from the release of hydroxyl ions when it comes into contact with aqueous fluids. Ca(OH)₂ has a wide range of antimicrobial effects against common endodontic pathogens, but is less effective against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. The addition of vehicles or other agents might contribute to the antimicrobial effect of Ca(OH)₂.

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Research Articles

Comparative efficacy of photo-activated disinfection and calcium hydroxide for disinfection of remaining carious dentin in deep cavities: a clinical study: Sidhartha Sharma, Ajay Logani, Naseem Shah; Restor Dent Endod 2014;39(3):195-200. Published online June 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2014.39.3.195

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

To comparatively evaluate the efficacy of photo-activated disinfection (PAD), calcium hydroxide (CH) and their combination on the treatment outcome of indirect pulp treatment (IPT).

Materials and Methods

Institutional ethical clearance and informed consent of the patients were taken. The study was also registered with clinical registry of India. Sixty permanent molars exhibiting deep occlusal carious lesion in patients with the age range of 18 - 22 yr were included. Clinical and radiographic evaluation and set inclusion and exclusion criteria's were followed. Gross caries excavation was accomplished. In group I (n = 20) PAD was applied for sixty seconds. In group II (n = 20), CH was applied to the remaining carious dentin, while in group III (n = 20), PAD application was followed by CH placement. The teeth were permanently restored. They were clinically and radiographically followed-up at 45 day, 6 mon and 12 mon. Relative density of the remaining affected dentin was measured by 'Radiovisiography (RVG) densitometric' analysis.

Results

Successful outcome with an increase in radiographic grey values were observed in all three groups. However, on inter-group comparison, this change was not significant (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

PAD and CH both have equal disinfection efficacy in the treatment of deep carious dentin. PAD alone is as effective for treatment of deep carious lesion as calcium hydroxide and hence can be used as an alternative to CH. They can be used independently in IPT, since combining both does not offer any additional therapeutic benefits.

Citations

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Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation between Conventional Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and Gel-based Mineral Trioxide Aggregate in Indirect Pulp Therapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Yusuf Chunawala, BK Vanishree, Supriya S Dighe, Rooposhi Saha
International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry.2025; 17(12): 1383. CrossRef
Potentialities of photoactivated disinfection in dentistry
E.I. Utkina, M.A. Gorbatova, A.M. Grjibovski, L.N. Gorbatova, A.A. Simakova
Stomatology.2023; 102(2): 84. CrossRef
Clinical and radiographic evaluation of diode laser and chemical disinfection in comparison to selective caries removal in management of patients with deep carious lesions
Mohamed Bahgat AbdelHamid, Ahmed Fawzy Abo Elezz, Ola M. Ibrahim Fahmy
Lasers in Dental Science.2022; 6(4): 219. CrossRef
Commercially Available Ion-Releasing Dental Materials and Cavitated Carious Lesions: Clinical Treatment Options
Amel Slimani, Salvatore Sauro, Patricia Gatón Hernández, Sevil Gurgan, Lezize Sebnem Turkun, Ivana Miletic, Avijit Banerjee, Hervé Tassery
Materials.2021; 14(21): 6272. CrossRef
Radiological Appraisal of Biodentine and Pulpotec Individually or in Combination with Photo-activated Disinfection as Pulp-capping Cements in Mature Teeth
Pratik Agrawal, Gaurav Patri, Surabhi Soumya, Prasanti K Pradhan, Vijeta Patri
The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice.2021; 22(9): 1014. CrossRef
Clinical and radiographic evaluation of indirect pulp treatment of young permanent molars using photo-activated oral disinfection versus calcium hydroxide: a randomized controlled pilot trial
Marwa Aly Elchaghaby, Dalia Mohamed Moheb, Osama Ibrahim El Shahawy, Ahmed Mohamed Abd Alsamad, Mervat Abdel Moniem Rashed
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In vitro cytotoxicity of four calcium silicate-based endodontic cements on human monocytes, a colorimetric MTT assay: Sedigheh Khedmat, Somayyeh Dehghan, Jamshid Hadjati, Farimah Masoumi, Mohammad Hossein Nekoofar, Paul Michael Howell Dummer; Restor Dent Endod 2014;39(3):149-154. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2014.39.3.149

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Objectives

This study was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of four calcium silicate-based endodontic cements at different storage times after mixing.

Materials and Methods

Capillary tubes were filled with Biodentine (Septodont), Calcium Enriched Mixture (CEM cement, BioniqueDent), Tech Biosealer Endo (Tech Biosealer) and ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental). Empty tubes and tubes containing Dycal were used as negative and positive control groups respectively. Filled capillary tubes were kept in 0.2 mL microtubes and incubated at 37℃. Each material was divided into 3 groups for testing at intervals of 24 hr, 7 day and 28 day after mixing. Human monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cocultered with 24 hr, 7 day and 28 day samples of different materials for 24 and 48 hr. Cell viability was evaluated using an MTT assay.

Results

In all groups, the viability of monocytes significantly improved with increasing storage time regardless of the incubation time (p < 0.001). After 24 hr of incubation, there was no significant difference between the materials regarding monocyte viability. However, at 48 hr of incubation, ProRoot MTA and Biodentine were less cytotoxic than CEM cement and Biosealer (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Biodentine and ProRoot MTA had similar biocompatibility. Mixing ProRoot MTA with PBS in place of distilled water had no effect on its biocompatibility. Biosealer and CEM cement after 48 hr of incubation were significantly more cytotoxic to on monocyte cells compared to ProRoot MTA and Biodentine.

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Journal of Functional Biomaterials.2024; 16(1): 3. CrossRef
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Tamara A. Souza, Mirna M. Bezerra, Paulo G. B. Silva, José J. N. Costa, Rayssa F. L. A. Carneiro, Janice O. F. Barcelos, Bruno C. Vasconcelos, Hellíada V. Chaves
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Uma Dixit, Rucha Shivajirao Bhise Patil, Rupanshi Parekh
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Review Article

Biologic response of local hemostatic agents used in endodontic microsurgery: Youngjune Jang, Hyeon Kim, Byoung-Duck Roh, Euiseong Kim; Restor Dent Endod 2014;39(2):79-88. Published online March 21, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2014.39.2.79

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Appropriate use of local hemostatic agent is one of the important factors on the prognosis of endodontic microsurgery. However, most investigations to date focus on the hemostatic efficacy of the agents, whereas their biologic characteristics have not received enough attention. The purpose of this paper was to review the biologic response of local hemostatic agents, and to provide clinical guidelines on their use during endodontic microsurgery. Electronic database (PUBMED) was screened to search related studies from 1980 to 2013, and 8 clinical studies and 18 animal studies were identified. Among the materials used in these studies, most widely-investigated and used materials, epinephrine, ferric sulfate (FS) and calcium sulfate (CS), were thoroughly discussed. Influence of these materials on local tissue and systemic condition, such as inflammatory and foreign body reaction, local ischemia, dyspigmentation, delayed or enhanced bone and soft tissue healing, and potential cardiovascular complications were assessed. Additionally, biological property of their carrier materials, cotton pellet and absorbable collagen, were also discussed. Clinicians should be aware of the biologic properties of local hemostatic agents and their carrier materials, and should pay attention to the potential complications when using them in endodontic microsurgery.

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Case Reports

Surgical management of a failed internal root resorption treatment: a histological and clinical report: Saeed Asgary, Mohammad Jafar Eghbal, Leili Mehrdad, Sanam Kheirieh, Ali Nosrat; Restor Dent Endod 2014;39(2):137-142. Published online March 21, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2014.39.2.137

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

This article presents the successful surgical management of a failed mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) orthograde obturation of a tooth with a history of impact trauma and perforated internal root resorption. A symptomatic maxillary lateral incisor with a history of perforation due to internal root resorption and nonsurgical repair using MTA was referred. Unintentional overfill of the defect with MTA had occurred 4 yr before the initial visit. The excess MTA had since disappeared, and a radiolucent lesion adjacent to the perforation site was evident radiographically. Surgical endodontic retreatment was performed using calcium enriched mixture (CEM) cement as a repair material. Histological examination of the lesion revealed granulation tissue with chronic inflammation, and small fragments of MTA encapsulated within fibroconnective tissue. At the one and two year follow up exams, all signs and symptoms of disease had resolved and the tooth was functional. Complete radiographic healing of the lesion was observed two years after the initial visit. This case report illustrates how the selection of an appropriate approach to treatment of a perforation can affect the long term prognosis of a tooth. In addition, extrusion of MTA into a periradicular lesion should be avoided.

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Conservative approach of a symptomatic carious immature permanent tooth using a tricalcium silicate cement (Biodentine): a case report: Cyril Villat, Brigitte Grosgogeat, Dominique Seux, Pierre Farge; Restor Dent Endod 2013;38(4):258-262. Published online November 12, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2013.38.4.258

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

The restorative management of deep carious lesions and the preservation of pulp vitality of immature teeth present real challenges for dental practitioners. New tricalcium silicate cements are of interest in the treatment of such cases. This case describes the immediate management and the follow-up of an extensive carious lesion on an immature second right mandibular premolar. Following anesthesia and rubber dam isolation, the carious lesion was removed and a partial pulpotomy was performed. After obtaining hemostasis, the exposed pulp was covered with a tricalcium silicate cement (Biodentine, Septodont) and a glass ionomer cement (Fuji IX extra, GC Corp.) restoration was placed over the tricalcium silicate cement. A review appointment was arranged after seven days, where the tooth was asymptomatic with the patient reporting no pain during the intervening period. At both 3 and 6 mon follow up, it was noted that the tooth was vital, with normal responses to thermal tests. Radiographic examination of the tooth indicated dentin-bridge formation in the pulp chamber and the continuous root formation. This case report demonstrates a fast tissue response both at the pulpal and root dentin level. The use of tricalcium silicate cement should be considered as a conservative intervention in the treatment of symptomatic immature teeth.

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Research Articles

A preliminary report on histological outcome of pulpotomy with endodontic biomaterials vs calcium hydroxide: Ali Nosrat, Ali Peimani, Saeed Asgary; Restor Dent Endod 2013;38(4):227-233. Published online November 12, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2013.38.4.227

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

The purpose of the study was to evaluate human dental pulp response to pulpotomy with calcium hydroxide (CH), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and calcium enriched mixture (CEM) cement.

Materials and Methods

A total of nine erupted third molars were randomly assigned to each pulpotomy group. The same clinician performed full pulpotomies and coronal restorations. The patients were followed clinically for six months; the teeth were then extracted and prepared for histological assessments. The samples were blindly assessed by an independent observer for pulp vitality, pulp inflammation, and calcified bridge formation.

Results

All patients were free of clinical signs/symptoms of pulpal/periradicular diseases during the follow up period. In CH group, one tooth had necrotic radicular pulp; other two teeth in this group had vital uninflamed pulps with complete dentinal bridge formation. In CEM cement and MTA groups all teeth had vital uninflamed radicular pulps. A complete dentinal bridge was formed beneath CEM cement and MTA in all roots. Odontoblast-like cells were present beneath CEM cement and MTA in all samples.

Conclusions

This study revealed that CEM cement and MTA were reliable endodontic biomaterials in full pulpotomy treatment. In contrast, the human dental pulp response to CH might be unpredictable.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

A meta‐analysis of calcium silicate‐based cements and calcium hydroxide as promoters of hard tissue bridge formation
Emmanuel J. N. L. Silva, Karem P. Pinto, Fernanda N. S. J. Riche, Maristela G. H. Carestiato, Jorge N. R. Martins, Henry F. Duncan, Marco A. Versiani, Gustavo De‐Deus
International Endodontic Journal.2025; 58(5): 685. CrossRef
Clinical and radiographic outcomes of pulpotomy materials in permanent teeth: a systematic review of calcium hydroxide, MTA, biodentine, and iRoot BP plus
Anggi Putri Riandani, Arief Cahyanto, Rana Abdelbaset Lotfy Diab, Ratih Widyasari, Atia Nurul Sidiqa, Hendra Dian Adhita Dharsono, Myrna Nurlatifah Zakaria
BMC Oral Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Comprehensive review of composition, properties, clinical applications, and future perspectives of calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement: a systematic analysis
Saeed Asgary, Mahtab Aram, Mahta Fazlyab
BioMedical Engineering OnLine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Hard tissue formation in pulpotomized primary teeth in dogs with nanomaterials MCM-48 and MCM-48/hydroxyapatite: an in vivo animal study
Sahar Talebi, Nosrat Nourbakhsh, Ardeshir Talebi, Amir Abbas Nourbakhsh, Abbas Haghighat, Maziar Manshayi, Hamid Reza Bakhsheshi, Razieh Karimi, Rahman Nazeri, Kenneth J.D. Mackenzie
BMC Oral Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Amjad Alagha, Abdulwahab Nourallah, Sahar Alhariri
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Vital Pulp Therapy as a Conservative Approach for Management of Invasive Cervical Root Resorption: A Case Series
Saeed Asgary, Mahdieh Nourzadeh, Prashant Verma, M. Lamar Hicks, Ali Nosrat
Journal of Endodontics.2019; 45(9): 1161. CrossRef
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M. Parirokh, M. Torabinejad, P. M. H. Dummer
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Saeed Asgary, Mohammad Jafar Eghbal, Leili Mehrdad, Sanam Kheirieh, Ali Nosrat
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Evaluation of the effect of blood contamination on the compressive strength of MTA modified with hydration accelerators: Kaveh Oloomi, Eshaghali Saberi, Hadi Mokhtari, Hamid Reza Mokhtari Zonouzi, Ali Nosrat, Mohammad Hossein Nekoofar, Paul Michael Howell Dummer; Restor Dent Endod 2013;38(3):128-133. Published online August 23, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2013.38.3.128

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of blood contamination on the compressive strength (CS) of Root MTA (RMTA) modified with Calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and Disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na₂HPO₄) as setting accelerators over time.

Materials and Methods

A total of 110 cylindrical specimens of RMTA were divided into 6 experimental groups as follows: Group1, RMTA; Group 2, RMTA modified with CaCl₂ (RMTA-C); Group 3, RMTA modified with Na₂HPO₄ (RMTA-N); Group 4, RMTA contaminated with blood; Group 5, RMTA-C contaminated with blood; Group 6, RMTA-N contaminated with blood. The CS of specimens in all groups was evaluated after 3 hr, 24 hr, and 1 wk. In the modified groups (groups 2, 3, 5, and 6) the CS of five specimens per group was also evaluated after 1 hr.

Results

Blood contamination significantly reduced the CS of all materials at all time intervals (p < 0.05). After 3 hr, the CS of specimens in the RMTA groups (with and without blood contamination) was significantly lower than those in the RMTA-C and RMTA-N groups (p < 0.05). The CS values were not significantly different at the other time intervals. In all groups, the CS of specimens significantly increased over time (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Blood contamination decreased the CS of both original and accelerated RMTA.

Citations

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BMC Oral Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Push‐out bond strength of the calcium silicate‐based endodontic cements in the presence of blood: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of in vitro studies
Mahdieh Alipour, Leili Faraji Gavgani, Negin Ghasemi
Clinical and Experimental Dental Research.2022; 8(2): 571. CrossRef
Effect of bioactive glass addition on the physical properties of mineral trioxide aggregate
Jei Kim, Hyun-Jung Kim, Seok Woo Chang, Soram Oh, Sun-Young Kim, Kyoung-Kyu Choi, Duck-Su Kim, Ji-Hyun Jang
Biomaterials Research.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Muzaffer Emir Dinçol, Hakan Ozbas, Bulent Yılmaz, Handan Ersev, Selcuk Gokyay, Vakur Olgac
BMC Oral Health.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Surface microhardness of three thicknesses of mineral trioxide aggregate in different setting conditions
Noushin Shokouhinejad, Leila Jafargholizadeh, Mehrfam Khoshkhounejad, Mohammad Hossein Nekoofar, Maryam Raoof
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2014; 39(4): 253. CrossRef
Surgical management of a failed internal root resorption treatment: a histological and clinical report
Saeed Asgary, Mohammad Jafar Eghbal, Leili Mehrdad, Sanam Kheirieh, Ali Nosrat
Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics.2014; 39(2): 137. CrossRef

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4 Download
8 Crossref

Review Article

Chemical characteristics of mineral trioxide aggregate and its hydration reaction: Seok-Woo Chang; Restor Dent Endod 2012;37(4):188-193. Published online November 21, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2012.37.4.188

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was developed in early 1990s and has been successfully used for root perforation repair, root end filling, and one-visit apexification. MTA is composed mainly of tricalcium silicate and dicalcium silicate. When MTA is hydrated, calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) and calcium hydroxide is formed. Formed calcium hydroxide interacts with the phosphate ion in body fluid and form amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) which finally transforms into calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA). These mineral precipitate were reported to form the MTA-dentin interfacial layer which enhances the sealing ability of MTA. Clinically, the use of zinc oxide euginol (ZOE) based materials may retard the setting of MTA. Also, the use of acids or contact with excessive blood should be avoided before complete set of MTA, because these conditions could adversely affect the hydration reaction of MTA. Further studies on the chemical nature of MTA hydration reaction are needed.

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